<p>The Hendrikus DuBois House is located on Albany Post Road near the line between the towns of Gardiner and New Paltz in Ulster County, New York, United States, an area once known as Libertyville.</p><br>
<p>DuBois served as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War. He built the house in 1775 on land his grandfather Louis, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the area, had bought from the Esopus Indians. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Panama Hotel in Seattle, Washington&#39;s International District was built in 1910. The hotel was built by the first Japanese-American architect in Seattle, Sabro Ozasa, and contains the last remaining Japanese bathhouse  in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Panama Hotel was essential to the Japanese community, the building housed businesses, a bathhouse, sleeping quarters for residents and visitors, and restaurants. Since 1985 the Panama Hotel has been owned by Jan Johnson. Johnson, the third owner of the Panama Hotel has restored the building to emulate its previous condition before the internment of Japanese Americans from Seattle.</p><br>
<p>Johnson has closed off the basement that holds the belongings of the Japanese families to the public, and has installed a glass panel in the floorboards for visitors to view the artifacts from above.</p><br>
<p>The Panama Hotel is known for the rich Japanese American history before and during World War II. The hotel is known for housing the belongings of the Japanese families in Seattle once Executive Order 9066 was enacted and the detention of Japanese in internment camps. After the Japanese American internment, most of the Seattle-based families were not able to return due to death, financial constraints, and relocation; their belongings still reside in the basement of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>It is also known as being the namesake of the novel Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet by Jamie Ford.</p><br>
<p>The Panama Hotel was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister’s Commendation for their contributions to promotion of mutual understanding between Japan and the United States on December 1, 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Seattle&#39;s "Japantown" (Nihonmachi)</h2><br>
<p>Located in the International District of Seattle, multiple districts were formed during the early 1900s based on race and ethnicity. Seattle&#39;s "Japantown" (Nihonmachi) community was established to keep races segregated, but it allowed cultural bonds to be formed.</p><br>
<p>Japanese immigrants from all the regions of Japan came to Seattle and became interconnected because of the Nihonmachi. Even though the Japanese people of Japantown faced poverty due to economic hardships, skilled workers in all different industries came together because of the immigration from different prefectures in Japan.</p><br>
<h2>Japanese bathhouses (Sento)</h2><br>
<p>The Panama Hotel was one of the focal points in Japantown before World War II. The hotel was known for the Hashidate-Yu, one of the four bathhouses (Sento) in Seattle during the early twentieth century. Separated into two areas, one for men and the other for women and children, these bathhouses were essential in the Japantown because most of the residents did not have access to facilities in their residences. The bathhouses allowed people to interact with one another and spread their culture with the locals or visitors from other countries.</p><br>
<h2>National Historic Landmark</h2><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark building in 2006, and on April 9, 2015, the Panama Hotel was designated a National Treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation - one of only 60 in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Film</h2><br>
<p>The Panama Hotel Legacy is a film currently in production that will explore the unique history of the 105 year-old property and the continuous stewardship to preserve its history and educate current and future generations.</p><br>
<p>The film will detail the buildings influence in place, culture and community, the ongoing preservation efforts for the Panama Hotel including the Hashidate Yu Sento, one of the most well-preserved bathhouses in the USA and the archiving of Japanese Americans belongings stored in the hotel as a result of Executive Order 9066 issued by President Roosevelt in 1942.</p><br>
<p>The Viola Creamery is a rural building on the National Register of Historic Places in Viola, Minnesota, United States. It was designed by architect Harold Crawford and in built in 1924.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This brick building replaced the previous creamery, a wood-frame building which burned down in the winter of 1923. The creamery produced specialty butter used in restaurants as distant as New York City.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, the last shipment of butter stamped "Viola Creamery Specials" left the creamery destined for Chicago. During World War II, higher demand and competition for refrigerated milk trucks made larger creameries viable. Most smaller specialty creameries were forced to close.</p><br>
<p>Between 1946 and 1961, the creamery was used for various purposes, including a cabinet-making shop and a boat-building business.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, the creamery was purchased and used to produce honey, handling every step of the process from hive to jar. This business operated until it was closed down by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Between 1987 and 1998, the creamery remained vacant and slowly deteriorated. Vandals began to destroy the building. Windows were broken out and the 12 foot cupola was stolen from the roof. Because of the gaping hole left behind, hundreds of pigeons took over the second level of the building and mice inhabited the rest.</p><br>
<p>In August 1998, the creamery was purchased by Don Helgerson, a bricklayer by trade. He began to restore the creamery to its original condition and had it placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the creamery was renovated into a fine-dining restaurant, the Viola Creamery Steakhouse, which closed three years later in the winter of 2005.</p><br>
<p>In April 2007, the creamery was purchased and converted into a single-family residential home.</p><br>
<p>Gaineswood is a plantation house in Demopolis, Alabama, United States. It is the grandest plantation house ever built in Marengo County and is one of the most significant remaining examples of Greek Revival architecture in Alabama.</p><br>
<p>The house was built with the profits of forced labor, and much of the actual construction was performed by enslaved people. It was completed on the eve of the American Civil War after a construction period of almost 20 years.</p><br>
<p>The house and grounds are currently operated by the Alabama Historical Commission as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gaineswood was designed and built by General Nathan Bryan Whitfield, beginning in 1843 as a dog-trot cabin, an open-hall log dwelling. Whitfield was a cotton planter who had moved from North Carolina to Marengo County, Alabama in 1834. In 1842, Whitfield bought the 480 acre property from George Strother Gaines, younger brother of Edmund P. Gaines. By 1860, Whitfield owned as many as 7,200 acres and had 235 enslaved people working his land, which produced nearly 600 bales of cotton that year, though not all at Gaineswood.</p><br>
<p>The grounds had been the site of a notable historic event while owned by George Gaines. When Gaines was serving as the USA Indian Agent, he is said to have met with the famous chief Pushmataha, of the Choctaw Nation, under an old post oak tree on what would become the Gaineswood estate. They were negotiating the terms of the treaty that would lead to the Choctaw removal to Indian Territory. The tree became known as the Pushmataha Oak.</p><br>
<p>In 1843, Whitfield gave his farm the name of Marlmont; in 1856, he renamed it Gaineswood in honor of Gaines. The Whitfield family tradition maintained that Gaines original log house was the nucleus around which Whitfield had the mansion built, and that it was located at the present site of the south entrance hall and office. Gen. Whitfield sold the house to his son, Dr. Bryan Watkins Whitfield, in 1861. The second generation of Whitfields maintained Gaineswood as a residence. Mary Foscue Whitfield inherited the nearby Foscue–Whitfield House in 1861 upon her fathers death and used that as a residence as well. In 1923 the Whitfield family sold Gaineswood. After years of use as a private residence, Gaineswood was purchased in 1966 by the state of Alabama from Dr. J.D. McLeod, for preservation as a house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Gaineswood was completed in its current Greek Revival form in 1861. It is considered to be "Alabama&#39;s finest neoclassical house" Whitfield is known to have designed most of the house from pattern books by James Stuart, Minard Lafever, Nicholas Revett and others. Much of the work on the house was executed by highly skilled artisans who, while doing the work were given shelter and food in exchange. During these times many worked on farms in exchange for housing and minimal funds as work was scarce.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The exterior has a decorative stucco over brick treatment, intended to simulate ashlar blocks. The exterior features the use of eighteen fluted Doric columns and 14 plain square pillars to support the three porches, the main portico, and the porte-cochère. The assorted porches surround most of three sides of the structure. Parterre gardens off of the main north portico and south porch are surrounded by low masonry and wood balustrades and feature period-appropriate plantings and marble statuary. A rooftop observation ring with a vasiform balustrade surmounts the house and was used for observing the estate.</p><br>
<p>The estate has three surviving outbuildings: a cook&#39;s house, a garden pavilion with eight fluted Corinthian columns, and a monumental gatehouse that date to the antebellum period. The tripartite entrance gate features massive pillars crowned by large metal finials and elaborate cast iron gates. The gatehouse and gates had to moved closer to the house as the city streets were widened in the 20th century. No quarters for the enslaved residents were preserved, although some may have existed into the early 20th century for use as residences for workers on the plantation.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior features decorative plasterwork throughout the main floor. The library and the dining room both feature elaborate domed ceilings with central skylights. The hallway features fluted Ionic columns in the main entrance hall with reception rooms to either side, one for each sex.</p><br>
<p>The master&#39;s bedroom also features two fluted Ionic columns supporting a cornice that visually divides the room into bedroom and sitting room.</p><br>
<p>The mistress&#39; bedroom features a large floor-to-ceiling semicircular bay with curved windows and is fronted by two fluted Corinthian columns. Doors to either side of the bay provide access to the semicircular porch outside with its six Doric columns.</p><br>
<p>The ballroom features four fluted Corinthian columns and 24 fluted Corinthian pilasters, vis-à-vis mirrors, an elaborate plaster cornice, and a coffered ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The second floor is much simpler in decor and contains a boudoir, a nursery, and four large bedrooms.</p><br>
<h2>Whitfield canal</h2><br>
<p>Whitfield directed the digging of a drainage canal 1845 and 1863 to prevent water from overflowing and flooding the plantation. Enslaved people dug it by hand.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Gaineswood is on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973. The estate is owned by the state of Alabama and is administered by the Alabama Historical Commission. Severe moisture damage to the ceiling and dome in the dining room was corrected under a Save America&#39;s Treasures grant.</p><br>
<p>The Whitfield family has donated or sold much of the original family furniture and some statuary to the Historical Commission to be used in the house. The Burning of the Eliza Battle, painted by Nathan B. Whitfield, still hangs at Gaineswood. He was a witness to the steamboat disaster in 1858.</p><br>
<p>Formerly the Wappingers Falls Village Hall this building now houses the Police Department. It is located at the corner of South Avenue  and East Main Street in the village of Wappingers Falls, Dutchess County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was originally built in 1940 as the village&#39;s new post office, a Works Progress Administration project. President Franklin D. Roosevelt took a personal interest in the project, as he already had with new post offices in other Dutchess County communities. He wanted it to be built of fieldstone in the style of many Dutch colonial houses in the Hudson Valley, and chose the Brewer-Mesier House in the village as the model for its design. R. Stanley Miller, a local architect who had already designed the similar Rhinebeck post office, was assigned the job. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It had already been a contributing property to the Wappingers Falls Historic District, added to the Register five years earlier. The USA Postal Service has since had to move to a larger building a few blocks away on East Main. The village moved most of its functions here and built a new wing — clapboard, not stone, but otherwise consistent with the original design — on the rear of the building to house its police department.</p><br>
<h2>Murals</h2><br>
<p>The former post office, now serving as a police station, houses two murals by Henry Billings, commissioned by the Treasury Section of Fine Arts. These murals depict different views of the towns waterfall, capturing distinct moments in time. The buildings proximity to the actual waterfall makes it conveniently accessible. The murals are painted on chestnut panels and occupy the triangular space created by the pitched ceiling of the building. Positioned at opposite ends of the structure, the two views face each other. The 1780 mural draws inspiration from the diary of the Marquis de Chastellux, featuring a conversation between the Marquis and Peter Mesier, whose house served as the model for the post office building. The 1880 scene depicts the falls during their heyday as a significant source of industrial water power, drawing from an old painting.</p><br>
<p>Cranmer Park is a city park in Denver, United States located in the Hilltop neighborhood off Colorado Boulevard between East 1st and East 3rd Avenue. It is notable for its large sundial.</p><br>
<p>An inscription at the base describes the axis of the gnomon as elevated 39°43 in the direction of polar north. The stone is perpendicular to the gnomon at 50°17, which makes it parallel to the equator. The south side of the stone is similarly marked for wintertime observation.</p><br>
<p>A polar chart at the base of the sundial describes the zodiac and degrees of the suns position, and how to set a clock based on the gnomons shadow. For winter viewing, the chart continues on the south side of the stone.</p><br>
<h2>History of the sundial</h2><br>
<p>The current sundial is the second one to exist at this location in the park. The first was donated in 1941 by longtime Manager of Denver Parks George E. Cranmer, for whom the park is named. It was destroyed by vandals who exploded dynamite under it in September 1965. The replacement sundial was installed in March, 1966 after a successful citywide fundraising effort led by the Denver Junior Chamber of Commerce. It was restored again in 2018 to repair cracking stones.</p><br>
<p>The park is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Park School is located at 1320 South 29th Street in south Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The school was designed by Thomas R. Kimball and built in 1918. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 and designated an Omaha Landmark in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Named for its proximity to Hanscom Park and built with masonry on a frame of reinforced concrete, the footprint for the school was built on a "U" shape. Two stories had 18 rooms, with no original gymnasium or library because of spending constraints caused by World War I.</p><br>
<p>The school was closed in the 1980s, and Omaha Public Schools sold it in 1988. The building was renovated and sold as apartments.</p><br>
<p>Lee Mission Cemetery is a pioneer cemetery in Salem, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lee Mission Cemetery was established in 1842 with the burial of Lucy Thompson Lee, the second wife of Rev. Jason Lee. The cemeterys gate has the date 1838, which is date of death for Anna Maria Pittman Lee, first wife of Jason Lee, and their infant son, who were moved to the cemetery shortly after Lucys burial.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Alanson Beers</p><br>
<p>Erastus Otis Haven</p><br>
<p>Gustavus Hines</p><br>
<p>Hallie Parrish Hinges</p><br>
<p>Rev. Jason Lee</p><br>
<p>Josiah Lamberson Parrish</p><br>
<p>Jesse Quinn Thornton</p><br>
<p>Alvin F. Waller</p><br>
<p>Edward J. White</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Stephenson House is a Federal style home built in 1820 in the city of Edwardsville, Illinois, United States. The house was constructed by prominent Edwardsville citizen and Illinois politician Benjamin Stephenson. He died shortly after the home&#39;s completion and the home had 15 subsequent owners, some of whom made major alterations to the original structure. In 1845 the addition of an ell altered the appearance of the house. The last two owners were the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity and the current owner, the city of Edwardsville.</p><br>
<p>In 1999 the city of Edwardsville purchased the home from the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity and in 2001 a restoration project began. The project aimed to restore the house to its authentic 1820s appearance and open the house as a public museum. The house has been the subject of tales of ghostly activity since at least the 1970s, though no recent reports exist. The Stephenson House has prominence for its architecture and for its affiliation with Illinois politics. The building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Benjamin Stephenson House was originally located on a 172 acre tract of land about two miles (3 km) from the center of Edwardsville, Illinois; at the time along the bluffs above Cahokia Creek. The house, today, is located along South Buchanan Street in Edwardsville, along one of the busiest stretches of Illinois Route 159.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Colonel Benjamin Stephenson purchased the 172 acre tract of land that would become the site of the Stephenson House in 1819. In 1820 he began construction on the original east portion of the house, which, when complete served as his home, office and political headquarters for the remainder of his life. Benjamin Stephenson died in the home on October 10, 1822.</p><br>
<p>On January 29, 1825, while at the Stephenson House for a party, Daniel D. Smith was stabbed to death. Apparently an argument occurred, and Smith was later found in the dining room with a stab wound; as the group was picking him up, he uttered "Winchester" and died. News reports in The Spectator (Edwardsville) indicated that Smith was "killed in an affray" at the Stephenson House. Benjamin&#39;s son, James W. Stephenson, James D. Henry and Palemon Winchester were indicted for the murder. Though all three men were charged with the crime, Stephenson and Henry were released on bond.</p><br>
<p>Winchester was the only defendant who faced trial in the murder. Winchester&#39;s lawyer argued that Smith was guilty of verbal assault against the defendant, and Winchester was found not guilty. In 1828 Stephenson left Edwardsville, moving to Galena in Jo Daviess County where he made his home most of the rest of his life. He was buried at Lusk Memorial Cemetery in Edwardsville.</p><br>
<p>In the years following Benjamin Stephensons death, the house changed owners 15 times. That family occupied the home until at least 1894. Others who owned the house also made alterations including J. Frank Dickman in 1902; other changes were made during the 1940s. Rev. Stephen Weissman, who successfully nominated the house for the USA National Register of Historic Places, purchased the home in 1975. After the nominations acceptance the house was designated an Edwardsville Landmark.</p><br>
<p>In 1982 the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity at Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville (SIUE) bought the house and occupied it until the late 1990s. The city purchased the home in 1999 and the fraternity ended its tenure in what was the first fraternity house at SIUE.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>On May 14, 2001, the city of Edwardsville held a ground breaking ceremony to officially commence a restoration project aimed at returning the house to the most original condition possible. The eventual goal of the project was to furnish the home circa 1820s and open it as a house museum to the public. Initially the project was to be completed by December 2003, but by April 2004 most of the exterior work had been finished with interior plastering and wood floor installation remaining.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in the early Federal style and was originally designed as a two-story rectangular building with four square rooms. The interior and exterior walls are of three course thick brick; the bricks were manufactured on site by Benjamin Stephenson&#39;s indentured servants. The exterior is composed of at least 100,000 bricks, all of which were made on the Stephenson House property. Each of the four rooms, two on the first floor and two on the second floor are 18 foot (5.5 m) by 18 foot (5.5 m) square and contain fireplaces. Five windows grace the second floor, while on the first floor there are four windows and an inset door which opens into the central hallway.</p><br>
<p>On its interior, the Stephenson House, again, has brick walls. The central hallway is 7 feet (2.1 m) wide and stretches in a "Southern manner," from the front to the back of the house. The central hallway contains the homes staircase. The four rooms fireplaces are vented through two chimneys, constructed flush with the north and south end walls. The interior floor were originally of four inch (102 mm) wide pine board and covered with oak during the 1940s. The staircase is made of red cypress and features relatively ornately carved woodwork, all of which is original and cast in Adam style.</p><br>
<p>Behind (west of) the original house was a detached, 20 foot (6.1 m) by 20 foot (6.1 m) kitchen constructed over a fruit cellar. The detached kitchen was torn down when the home underwent extensive remodeling in 1845. During this time period a two-story wing was added to the home. The wing, 20 foot (6.1 m) by 40 foot (12.2 m), altered the homes appearance into an ell pattern. The ell was built of the same brick as the original home, but covered six windows with its construction on the Stephenson Houses west (rear) facade. A 13-foot (4.0 m) wide veranda was attached to the wing&#39;s south side. The entire new addition was cast in the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The subsequent owner made further alterations to the house in 1902. The owner added a 20-foot (6.1 m) by 12 foot (3.7 m) Victorian front porch, complete with a gable roof and Victorian style wood tracery. He also reversed the home&#39;s staircase and filled in all four original fireplaces. During the 1940s the home underwent further remodeling, in part, to modernize the building. Inside, modern plumbing was added and outside a frame one car garage was attached to the west end of the house. The 1902 porch was torn off the east facade, thus restoring it to its original appearance. In addition, the pillars on the south side of the house were replaced with square designs and a French door was cut into the north facade to open onto a brick terrace.</p><br>
<h2>Purported hauntings</h2><br>
<p>Stories of alleged ghostly phenomena at the Stephenson House date back to at least the 1970s. Speculation about the identity of the purported spirit has centered around Benjamin Stephenson, who died in the house.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Benjamin Stephenson House is the oldest brick house in Edwardsville and considered significant for its architectural beauty, and association with important historic Illinois figures. Architecturally, the house is representative of an era. Most of the house&#39;s importance comes from its association with the family of Benjamin Stephenson. The Stephenson family played a prominent role in Illinois politics. Benjamin Stephenson served as a colonel during the War of 1812 and later held several political offices including USA representative from the Illinois Territory and delegate to the first Illinois constitutional convention. In 1836 the Illinois legislature named Stephenson County, in northern Illinois, after him. One of his sons, James W. Stephenson, also played a prominent role in Illinois politics as the Democratic gubernatorial candidate in 1836.</p><br>
<p>Commonly, and mistakenly, the house is often referred to as the "Edwards House". This is due to the close association of the Stephenson family with that of first Illinois territorial Governor Ninian Edwards. The historical record shows that Benjamin Stephenson and Edwards were close personal friends and political allies. The pair led the Edwardsville Jacksonian Democratic Party and when Edwards house burned he and his family took up residence in the Stephenson House for a time. The Benjamin Stephenson House is the remaining piece of architecture which intertwines the two mens personal stories.</p><br>
<p>For its architectural style and political affiliations the Benjamin Stephenson House was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1980. The Illinois Historic Sites Inventory was ongoing during this period, 1971&ndash;1975, and it also noted the Stephenson House for its architectural and political significance.</p><br>
<p>The Main Building of Vassar College is the oldest surviving building on its campus in Poughkeepsie, New York, and the center of academic life. It was built by James Renwick Jr. in the Second Empire style in 1861, the second building in the history of what was one of Americas first womens colleges. It is one of the earliest, largest, and most important examples of Second Empire architecture in the United States and is a National Historic Landmark for its architecture and educational significance. At the time of its completion, the structure contained the most interior space of any building in the United States, and housed the entire college, including dormitories, libraries, classrooms, and dining halls. Currently, the first and second floors house campus administration while the remaining three  house student rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Vassar&#39;s Main Building is a large brick building, four stories in height, with a fifth floor under its mansard roof. It is U-shaped, with a central portion 500 ft long, and transverse wings 164 ft in length projecting forward at the ends of the central section. At the center of the central portion is a projecting pavilion topped by a slate-roofed dome with iron cresting. Most windows are sash, set in openings with either segmented-arch or round-arch tops; the roof is pierced by dormers whose rounded tops have keystones. Window trim and horizontal banding on the building are of bluestone.</p><br>
<p>The building has in significant part been restored to its original appearance. One notable exception is a large turning staircase in the central section, which was removed in 1893 as part of a library expansion that became known as "Uncle Fred&#39;s Nose", after Fred Thompson, whose name adorned the annex that was added at that time. That annex was removed in 1959 during the restoration process, but the stairs were not rebuilt.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was taken over by protesters in 1969 and again in 1990.</p><br>
<p>It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1986. The Vassar Observatory, the first building built on the Vassar campus, is also a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Old House is a historic home on State Route 25 in Cutchogue in Suffolk County, New York. It is "notable as one of the most distinguished surviving examples of English domestic architecture in America."</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Old House is a two-story timber-frame structure measuring about 36 x, with a clapboarded exterior and gabled roof. Its main facade is on the south side, with a center entrance framed by a simple trim with a segmented-arch lintel. On either side of the door there are three-part casement windows on both the first and second floors. Three similar windows appear on the north (back) side of the house which are careful replicas of the original windows.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house is divided into four rooms, two on each floor. A large brick chimney separates the rooms on each floor and divides the attic in two. Narrow winding staircases on one side provide access to the upper levels. The ground-floor kitchen has a fireplace over 9 ft long and 3 ft deep. At some point (probably in the 18th century), that fireplace and the one in the main hall had smaller fireplaces built within them, with the excess covered by wooden paneling. It is likely that the walls that were not paneled at that time were finished in plaster.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Debate over origin</h3><br>
<p>According to the results of a 2003 dendrochronology study, the house was built ca. 1699. Cutchogue-New Suffolk Historical Council, the owner of the house, commissioned a second dendrochronology study in July 2017 to verify the build date, with the same results.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 2017 The Old House was thought to have been built by John Budd on land east of town near a pond that became known as Budd Pond. John Budds daughter Anna and her husband Benjamin Horton were deeded a house in 1658 as a wedding present. They moved it to a location in the village of Cutchogue. Benjamins brother John inherited the house and sold it to Joseph Wickham in 1699. These events and transactions are well documented.</p><br>
<h3>Post 17th century</h3><br>
<p>Parker Wickham (February 28, 1727 – May 22, 1785), famous for being a Loyalist politician during the American Revolution and who was banished from the state of New York under dubious circumstances, owned and lived in the house. restored in 1940, and restored again in 1968.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The house is located on the Cutchogue Village Green, along with the 1840 Old Schoolhouse, the 1704 Wickham Farmhouse, a barn, the Cutchogue New Suffolk Free Library, a 19th-century carriage house, and the Old Burying Ground dating from 1717. The buildings are owned and maintained by the Cutchogue-New Suffolk Historical Council, which gives guided tours in the summer.</p><br>
<p>Old Main is the oldest building on the campus of Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois. Completed in 1857, it is a distinctive Gothic Tudor design of Swedish architect Charles Ulricson. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 as one of the few surviving sites to host one of the famous 1858 Lincoln–Douglas debates. The building underwent a major restoration in the 1930s, which modernized its interior and restored its exterior.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Old Main is located on the north side of the Knox College campus, south of South Street between Alumni Hall and George Davis Hall. It is a three-story masonry structure, built out of brick with limestone and concrete trim. It is designed in part to resemble England&#39;s Hampton Court Palace, with a pair of projecting polygonal towers topped by crenellated parapets flanking its main entrance. The entrance is itself in a projecting section, in a rounded-arch opening set beneath a tall Gothic-arched window. Limestone stringcourses run between the first and second floors, and above the third floor.</p><br>
<p>Old Main was completed in 1857, and is the oldest surviving building on the Knox College campus. It was designed by Charles Ulricson, a Swedish-trained architect working out of Peoria. At the time, the campus included Old Main and two dormitories, neither of which has survived. Old Main housed most of the school&#39;s academic functions for many years, including classrooms and a chapel. By the early 1930s it was in deteriorating condition, and underwent a major restoration. The interior was gutted, replaced by a flooring system of steel and concrete, while interior brick and stone were recycled to repair the exterior. Portions of the limestone trim were replaced with cast concrete at this time. In 1969, a tornado took off the belfry and part of the roof; these were rebuilt in the original style.</p><br>
<h2>Lincoln-Douglas debate</h2><br>
<p>On October 7, 1858, Old Main was the site of the fifth in the celebrated series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, then both running for the United States Senate. The debate was conducted on a platform constructed in front of the building, which the debaters reached by climbing through its windows. The college community, founded by abolitionists, strung a banner behind the platform which read "Knox College for Lincoln". The debate was attended by a crowd estimated at 15,000. The National Historic Landmark designation, made in 1961, includes the college grounds to the east where most of the crowd sat.</p><br>
<p>Mason School is located at 1012 South 24th Street in south Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Designed in the Richardson Romanesque style by the architectural firm of Mendelssohn, Fisher and Lawrie, the school was built in 1888 by the brick manufacturing and construction firm of Hadden, Rocheford & Gould. The school closed in the late 1970s and was converted into apartments. It was designated an Omaha Landmark in 1986 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places that same year.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Mason School is a two-story brick building named in honor of Charles Mason, a Nebraska Supreme Court Justice in the early years of the state.</p><br>
<p>When the school was built in 1888, it was located on the western fringe of Omaha on an unpaved South 24th Street. At the time it was opened, it was the largest elementary school in Omaha, with sixteen classrooms. The first principal was Jennie McKoons, with a staff of five teachers. When it first opened the school had 326 students; however, within a few years it expanded so rapidly that three wooden additions had to be constructed to accommodate the student body. They were replaced in 1936 with a brick addition.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 the building was renovated and turned into apartments.</p><br>
<p>Industrialist and philanthropist Peter Kiewit was among the school&#39;s notable students.</p><br>
<p>The Chick House is a former hotel building constructed in 1857 in the city of Rockford, Illinois, United States. The building&#39;s construction was financed by three Rockford citizens and it operated as a hotel from its opening until 1951. The hotel was purchased by Thomas Chick in 1888 and he renamed it from the Griggs House to the Chick House. In 2004 the city of Rockford purchased two-thirds of the building and made some modifications to the structure. The building is a mesh between the Greek Revival and Italianate styles and feature simple ornamentation that contrasts with a neighboring building. The Chick House is a Rockford Landmark and was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Chick House is located in present-day downtown Rockford, Illinois, directly across the street from the Rockford MetroCentre. The Chick House was constructed in 1857 under the name Griggs House on the northwest corner of Main and Elm Streets in downtown Rockford. Its construction was financed by three Rockford residents, Dr. R.P. Lane, and two bankers, Thomas D. Robertson, and Charles H. Spafford. From its construction, the building operated as the Griggs House hotel. Thomas Chick purchased the building in 1888 and rechristened the hotel as the Chick House. Through the early 1900s parts of the building was occupied by various tenants as Chick leased out space, and Chick rented out space in adjacent buildings to supply additional lodging space for the Chick House hotel.</p><br>
<p>Rates at the Chick House, in 1902, started at US$1.50 per day, compared to the Nelson House at $2.00 per day; the Nelson House opened in Rockford in 1892. In 1903 the Rockford Morning Star called the Chick House and the Nelson House the leading hotels in Rockford. The same article noted the popularity of the Chick House with commercial travelers, regular boarders, and Sunday diners.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, Thomas Chicks widow sold the Chick House to John A. Saye of Milwaukee. The Chick House, considered one of Rockfords resident hotels, was one of 23 hotels, and the oldest in the city when it sold in 1923. The Chick House remained in operation until 1928. The building was sold and closed for a time for renovations. During its closure, an office supply store, hardware store, and shoe store occupied the east end of the structure. In 1929 the hotel reopened under the name Elms Hotel, it remained in operation as such until 1951.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the city of Rockford purchased two-thirds of the Chick House intending to redevelop the historic property. In October the city shut off gas and water, in part because of an old boiler which would not survive another winter; the electricity remained on during this time. The city set about to make immediate repairs to prevent the building from deteriorating structurally. The work included the installation of Plexiglas windows to keep further moisture out, the installation of a green awning on the east facade which wraps around to the south slightly, and repairs to the parapet wall.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Chick Houses design is simple and utilitarian, reflecting its construction for use as a hotel. The three-story brick structures 66 foot (20.1 m) east facade faces Main Street and its 149-foot (45.4 m) south facade faces toward Elm Street. The building incorporates elements from Greek Revival and Italianate styles and presents itself as an architectural "antithesis" to the adjacent Richardson Romanesque Stewart Building. The Chick House originally has an "L" shape but additions during the 1890s, 1900s and in 1932 partially filled in the rear of the building, which faces toward an alley.</p><br>
<p>The utilitarian design of the Chick House is accented by simple decorative touches in the Greek Revival style. The style is most overt in the building&#39;s symmetry which is particularly emphasized by certain elements. Those include the steeped parapet, its windows, horizontal stone sills and lintels, and dentil moldings.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s meshing of Greek Revival and Italianate styles illustrates the rising popularity of the Italianate style during the 1850s and the shift from Greek Revival to Italianate. The narrow front facade windows and the brick corbel table frieze at the cornice are two elements of Italianate incorporated into the building. The Romanesque and Italianate detailing is emphasized within the front facade fenestration as well. The windows contain segmental arches and cast iron hood molds.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Chick House is one of three remaining pre-Civil War commercial buildings in downtown Rockford.</p><br>
<p>The Jacob Broom House, also known historically as Hagley, is a historic house on Christchurch Road near Montchanin, Delaware. It was built in 1795 by Founding Father Jacob Broom, one of the Delaware signers of the United States Constitution. The house was purchased in 1802 by Éleuthère Irénée du Pont, progenitor of the prominent Du Pont family and founder of the DuPont chemical concern, who established the Eleutherian Mills below the house on the banks of Brandywine Creek. The house, which remains in the hands of Du Pont descendants, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 for its association with Broom.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Jacob Broom House is located northwest of Wilmington, Delaware, on a terrace overlooking Brandywine Creek southeast of the village of Montchanin. It is located between the two portions of the Hagley Museum and Library, which commemorates the early industrial history of the du Pont family. The central portion of the house is a -story masonry structure with a dormered gable roof and end chimneys. The main facade is four bays wide, with the entrance in the center-left bay.</p><br>
<p>Jacob Broom (1752-1810) was born in Wilmington, trained as a surveyor, and had a long and varied career, operating several business ventures. In 1787 he was elected one of Delawares delegates to the Philadelphia Convention, which drafted the United States Constitution. In 1795 he acquired about 65 acre of land on the west bank of Brandywine Creek and established a cotton mill, building a long stone-lined raceway and dam. This house was built on a terrace overlooking the mill site and is the only significant structure associated with Brooms life.</p><br>
<p>Broom&#39;s mill burned after a few years, and Broom sold the entire property in 1802 to Éleuthère Irénée du Pont, a French immigrant. Du Pont brought detailed knowledge of the production of gunpowder and soon established a powder mill on the property, using this house as an early residence and business headquarters. Successful in his business, du Pont later built the mansion house that is now part of the Hagley Museum complex.</p><br>
<p>This house was occupied by Eleuthera du Pont Smith and her husband, Thomas Mackie Smith, until 1873 and by Francis G. du Pont until 1919. The house underwent significant additions during Francis&#39; occupation, giving it a distinctly Victorian character while maintaining the core structure. The DuPont company purchased the building in 1919 and sold it in 1933 to Irene du Pont, who bought it for her daughter. The house remains in the family as a private residence, but most of the Victorian alterations have been removed, and more stylistically sympathetic additions have been made to it.</p><br>
<p>Other placesPrinceton station </p><br>
<p>Princeton station in Princeton, Minnesota, United States, is a former passenger and freight depot on the Great Northern Railway. The building is a combination of Queen Anne and Jacobean architectural styles, built of local brick with sandstone trim. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 as the Great Northern Depot.</p><br>
<h2>The Elk River-Milaca Line</h2><br>
<p>The Great Northern Railway originally did not travel through Princeton, it ran from Minneapolis through Elk River and on to St. Cloud. Another line ran from St. Cloud through Milaca to Duluth. Great Northern mogul James J. Hill challenged local business owners to raise $50,000 to route the line through Princeton. The money was raised, and the Elk River-Milaca line was slated to be built.</p><br>
<p>Surveying for the route began in late March 1886, and the track-laying crew started building the new line from Elk River on October 24, 1886. With few obstacles to construction, the line was finished quickly, and rail service began on November 29, 1886. The new Princeton route actually shortened the distance between Minneapolis and Duluth.</p><br>
<p>Initially service was frequent, but in November 1899 the route to Duluth was relocated to a line passing further east, connecting through Coon Rapids, Cambridge and Brook Park (known as the Coon Creek Cutoff or the Bee Line). As a result, service on the Elk River-Milaca line went into a long, drawn-out decline, with luxury passenger cars being replaced with ordinary coaches in 1908, the USA Mail route being lost in 1930, and passenger service terminated altogether in 1952. Freight service continued until 1976, at which time the Elk River-Milaca line was abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>The New Depot</h2><br>
<p>The Princeton depot was built in 1902 at a cost of $15,594, replacing a wooden-frame structure. The dedication ceremony was well-attended, with a crowd of at least 500 people. The size of the depot, at a length of 215 feet, a height of 35 feet, and a width exceeding 37 feet, made it the largest building in Princeton. The main products shipped from the depot were agricultural and forest commodities, along with a substantial amount of brick from a brickyard two miles north of Princeton.</p><br>
<p>The Preservation Alliance of Minnesota listed this depot on its 2010 list of the 10 Most Endangered Historic Places in Minnesota. The building has since received a grant from the Minnesota Historical Society and is being restored.</p><br>
<h2>Mille Lacs County Historical Society Depot Museum</h2><br>
<p>Today, the depot is the home of the Mille Lacs County Historical Society Depot Museum, with railroad cars and track placed next to the building. Railroad cars on-site include a 1963 Milwaukee Road insulated boxcar, a 1925 Wooden Milwaukee Road boxcar, a 1963 Burlington Northern wide-vision steel caboose, and a 1963 Great Northern flat car used for concerts in the summer. Also on site is the 1856 "District 1" one-room schoolhouse, which was the first school in Mille Lacs County.</p><br>
<h2>Three Sisters</h2><br>
<p>The Princeton depot was one of three "sister" stations in the Great Northern system that had essentially the same design. One of her "sisters" was about 70 miles southwest of Princeton in Litchfield, Minnesota and the other one was about 1,700 miles to the west in Bellingham, Washington. Some of the materials and trim were different, but the design was almost identical. The other two "sisters" are long gone (the Bellingham depot burned in 1924, Litchfield razed their depot in 1985). The Princeton Great Northern depot is the sole survivor.</p><br>
<p>The Brackett House is an historic house located at 621 Centre Street in the Newton Centre village of Newton, Massachusetts. Built about 1844, it is a prominent local example of Greek Revival architecture, with a four-column temple front. Extensively damaged by fire in 2010, a careful restoration was completed in 2013. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 4, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brackett House is located in a residential area south of Newton Corner, at the northwest corner of Centre and Bellevue Streets. Centre Street is a historically old road, and is now a busy artery between Newton Corner and Newton Centre to the south. The house is stories in height, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It is fronted by a monumental two-story Greek temple portico supported by four fluted Ionic columns. The main entrance is at the center of the three-bay facade, flanked by sidelight windows and topped by an architrave with cornice. A cross-gabled section projects on the south side of the building, with a fully pedimented gable that has a half-round window at its center.</p><br>
<p>The area where the house stands was originally allocated to Deacon Samuel Hyde, who was one of Newtons first settlers, arriving in 1639. Hyde and his brother laid out Centre Street. By the 1840s the property was farmland owned by Nathaniel Brackett. The house was probably built in 1844, the year Nathaniels son Gilman married Catherine Russell. The house was extensively damaged by fire on March 20, 2010, and subsequently underwent a careful restoration which was completed in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Bartlett–Hawkes Farm is a historic house at 15 Winnetaska Road, in the Waban village of Newton, Massachusetts. With its oldest portion dating to about 1736, it is the oldest surviving building in Waban. Enlarged several times, it was moved to its present location from Beacon Street in 1915. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 4, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Barlett–Hawkes Farm is located in a residential area west of the center of Waban village, on the west side of Winnetaska Road at its junction with Quidnic Road. It is a -story wood-frame structure, eight bays wide, with a side-gable roof and clapboard siding. The rear roof extends down to the first floor, giving the house a saltbox profile. There are two entrances on the main facade, each two bays in from a side. Both have Federal period surrounds with pilasters and a corniced entablature; the one on the left also has half-length sidelight windows.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house is believed to be the southernmost three bays, which were built as a "half house" about 1736 by Ebenezer Bartlett, who owned about 100 acre of land. Bartlett and his wife Anne raised seventeen children in the house, expanding it to five bays. Bartlett&#39;s son Elisha increased the farm to 200 acre, and served in the local militia during the American Revolutionary War. His son Peregrine sold the farm to George Hawkes, another local farmer, in the mid-19th century. Later owners further extended the building in the early 20th century, added bays on the north side and adding the saltbox shed to the rear. Originally facing nearby Beacon Street, the house was moved about 200 ft to its present location in 1915.</p><br>
<p>Rose Hill Mansion is a historic house museum on New York State Route 96A in Fayette, New York. Built in 1837 on a site overlooking Seneca Lake, it is one of the nation&#39;s finest examples of monumental residential Greek Revival architecture. The property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986. It is now owned and operated by Historic Geneva, formerly the Geneva Historical Society, and is open for tours from May to October.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Rose Hill is located in northwestern Fayette, on the east side of NY 96A overlooking Seneca Lake to the west. It is on 23 acre of land, the remnant of a much larger 19th-century farm. The mansion is a large -story wood-frame structure, whose most prominent feature is its main facade, which resembles a Greek temple with six Ionic columns supporting a fully pedimented gable. The central block is flanked by single-story wings, whose two-bay facades are fronted by Ionic colonnades. The wings are recessed from the main facade in front, but extend further to the rear, giving the building an overall U shape. The interior exhibits fine Greek Revival woodwork, with a spiral staircase in the central hall, and an elaborate archway separating the two parlors. The plasterwork is as fine as the woodwork, with major examples derived from the published works of architect Minard Lafever.</p><br>
<p>The property was first developed as a farm in 1802 by Robert Rose, who moved to the area from Virginia with a family group that included those they had enslaved. In 1839, William Kerley Strong, a New York City businessman, purchased the property and had the mansion house built. Its architect is not known, but its stylistic details suggest that the builders were influenced by the published works of both Minard Lafever and Andrew Jackson Downing, both proponents of the Greek Revival. The property was purchased in 1850 by Benjamin Swan, another New York City businessman, as a wedding present for his son. The Swans operated the property as a farm which was highly regarded for its performance. The property declined after Robert Swan&#39;s death in 1890.</p><br>
<p>In 1965 it was given to the by Waldo Hutchins, a grandson of Robert Swan. In poor condition, it underwent an extensive restoration, and was endowed by Waldo and his son to support its future care.</p><br>
<p>The property is open for guided tours from May to October and for special events.</p><br>
<p>Mill Grove is a historic house and estate on Pawlings Road in Audubon, Pennsylvania. Built in the 1760s, it is notable as the first home in America of painter and naturalist John James Audubon , for whom the community is named. The 130 acre estate is now maintained as a museum and wildlife sanctuary by Montgomery County, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989. The house serves as the educational center of the Pennsylvania chapter of the National Audubon Society, and is known as John James Audubon Center at Mill Grove.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Mill Grove is located on the west side of the village of Audubon, just north of Valley Forge National Historical Park. The estate consists of more than 130 acre of mainly woodlands on the south bank of Perkiomen Creek, bounded on the south by Pawlings Road. The main house is a -story stone structure, oriented to overlook the creek. Its roof faces are each pierced by three wood-frame gabled dormers, and there are stone chimneys at the interior of each end. A single-story ell extends the building to one side, and a gabled porch shelters the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1762 by James Morgan, who also operated a mill and lead mine on the property. He built the addition in 1764 or 1765 to most likely serve as guest rooms and to have a new larger kitchen. Due to its proximity to Valley Forge, it was looted during the American Revolutionary War, although the house was spared from significant damage. The property was purchased in 1789 by Jean Audubon, a French sea captain. In 1803 he sent his eighteen-year-old son Jean (who soon anglicized his name John James Audubon) to Mill Grove to oversee further development of the mine. Instead of doing so, the young Audubon became enamored with the natural beauty of the area. In the two years he spent here, he taught himself methods of tracking birds by banding, and how to set specimens for drawings. He also became engaged to Lucy Bakewell, returning here in 1808 for the wedding. During Audubon&#39;s absence between 1805 and 1808, the property was overseen by another Frenchman, to whom Audubon sold the property following his wedding. In 1813 it was bought by Samuel Wetherill, in whose family it remained until 1951. His heirs turned the property over to the county, which has managed it since as a wildlife preserve and nature center.</p><br>
<p>The estate now comprises 175 acre with more than five miles (8 km) of trails. The house features a museum displaying original Audubon prints, all of his major oil paintings and memorabilia.</p><br>
<p>Herron–Morton Place is a historic district in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The boundaries of the neighborhood are East 16th Street on the south, East 22nd Street on the north, North Pennsylvania Street on the west, and Central Avenue on the east.</p><br>
<p>Herron–Morton Place Historic District is known for its collection of late 19th- and early 20th-century residential architecture. Many north–south streets in Herron—Morton (including Delaware, Alabama, and New Jersey streets) originally featured large esplanades down the center, adding to the spacious feeling of the lots and large homes. Only New Jersey Street retains the original esplanades, providing an example of what the northern half of the neighborhood looked like.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is notable as one of the citys earliest centers for LGBTQ culture, previously home to several gay bars and nightclubs, including the Club Betty K, 21 Club, Johnnies Place, Harlow&#39;s, and Talbott Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The area that makes up Herron-Morton Place was originally part of a 160 acre land patent granted to Thomas O’Neal in November 1822. In 1835, ONeal sold the land to Samuel Henderson, the first Indianapolis postmaster and later, first mayor (1847-1849). The land was largely undeveloped, except for a 36 acre wooded tract, bounded roughly by what are now 19th, Talbott, and 22nd streets and Central Avenue. In the middle of the 19th century, it had become a popular picnic spot known as Hendersons Grove. In 1850, Henderson sold the land. 80 acre west of Delaware Street were purchased by Elizabeth Tinker (the namesake of Tinker Street), and the area east of Delaware Street was purchased by William Otis.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, the Indiana State Board of Agriculture purchased the land, which was still largely undeveloped, as a home for the Indiana State Fair.</p><br>
<p>At the start of the American Civil War, the area was used as an induction center for the Indiana Volunteer Infantry. Later in the war, it served as Camp Morton, a prisoner of war camp for Confederate soldiers that was named after Indiana&#39;s governor at the time, Oliver P. Morton. After the Civil War, it went back to being the state fairgrounds. A new exhibition building designed by Edwin May (later architect of the second, and current Indiana Statehouse) was constructed in 1873. The State Fair was held annually on the site until the current fairgrounds site on 38th Street was created in 1890.</p><br>
<p>After the relocation of the fairgrounds, the site was purchased by three local businessmen, Willard Hubbard, Edward Claypool, and Elijah Martindale, who divided the property into 280 residential lots named Morton Place. It was designed as an upper-class residential neighborhood, boasting amenities such as esplanades, including those still present on North New Jersey Street.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Impressionist artists T.C. Steele and William Forsyth founded the Hoosier Group art school in Morton Place in 1888. In 1895, John Herron&#39;s bequest founded the John Herron Art Institute, and funded new construction of a new main building and an art museum in Morton Place. The Herron Museum later became the Indianapolis Museum of Art.</p><br>
<p>As Indianapolis expanded outward at the end of the 1800s, the area directly north of 16th Street was considered one of the city&#39;s most elegant residential neighborhoods and was home to many celebrated politicians, lawyers, physicians, business leaders, artists, and architects.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The proliferation of the automobile and subsequent expansion of Indianapolis lured the well-to-do further away from the heart of the city and thus, from Herron-Morton. The esplanades on Delaware and Alabama Streets were removed in the 1920s because they slowed traffic flow in and out of the city. When the Great Depression began, many of the large single-family homes were divided into multi-family dwellings, causing the neighborhood to further lose its appeal. Between 1950 and 1970, a considerable amount of housing stock was lost to fires and demolitions.</p><br>
<p>Revitalization efforts began in the 1970s, largely with graduates of the Herron School of Art choosing to stay in the neighborhood and buy and renovate homes. In 1976, Herron–Morton Place Neighborhood Association was founded. The association spearheaded attempts to renovate homes, reduce crime, and rebuild the neighborhood spirit. Herron-Morton was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, making structures in the district eligible for tax incentives, and became a historic preservation district in 1986.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>Public and private revitalization efforts have continued throughout the past several decades. Herron-Morton is again one of Indianapolis&#39;s most highly developed neighborhoods, and many homes that had been converted into multiple units in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s have now been converted back into single-family homes.</p><br>
<p>Herron School of Art and Design relocated to new buildings on the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis campus in 2000 and 2005. The original Herron School of Art buildings now house Herron High School, a public charter school serving grades 9–12, and Herron Preparatory Academy, serving grades K-8. They are contributing properties to the historic district.</p><br>
<p>The Willard and Josephine Hubbard House was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Community</h2><br>
<p>Since 1956, Herron–Morton Place has hosted the Talbot Street Art Fair, an annual juried art fair held on Talbott Street in June of each year. The Herron–Morton Place Neighborhood Association was formed in 1976 to spearhead the renovation of homes, encourage new residential development, reduce crime, and rebuild community spirit.</p><br>
<p>The Herron–Morton Place Neighborhood Foundation raises funds to maintain a historic neighborhood park in the 1900 block of North Alabama Street and other beautification efforts throughout the neighborhood. The foundation plans several events each year that raise money for the neighborhood park, the most notable of which are the annual Oktoberfest in late September, the bi-annual home tour, and the year Rock N Romp for families.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal, also known as the Church of the Nazarene, is a historic Episcopal church located at Orleans in Jefferson County, New York. The church was built in 1878 and is a small wood frame Queen Anne-style edifice with Gothic Revival details. A truncated, square engaged bell tower was added in 1908. The church changed hands to be the Church of the Nazarene about 1900 and was used as such until 1994.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Trinity-St. Pauls Episcopal Church in New Rochelle in Westchester County, New York was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. It is located at the northwest corner of Huguenot Street  and Division Street. This church represents the body of the majority group of New Rochelles founding Huguenot French Calvinistic congregation that conformed to the liturgy of the established Church of England in June 1709. King George III gave Trinity its first charter in 1762. After the American Revolutionary War, Trinity became a parish of the Protestant Episcopal Church of America.</p><br>
<p>The present building is the third church erected by the conformist congregation. It is the immediate successor of a wooden church building erected in 1823 - 1824. It stands on land that was conveyed to the church wardens by Aman Guion in 1743. The cornerstone was laid on August 13, 1862, the church was opened for worship September 13, 1863, and the tower completed November 30, 1864. The church was designed by Richard Upjohn & Son, known for their gothic revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>A parish house was added on the western side of the church in 1892. Constructed of the same granite and brownstone materials as the church, the structure was designed by architect Frederick Carles Merry, who also designed the New Rochelle Trust building on Main Street.</p><br>
<h2>Church heirlooms</h2><br>
<p>Within the stone walls of the church are a number of artifacts, or heirlooms, that have been handed down through generations of this 300-year-old congregation. They highlight the long history of the church and of the New Rochelle community. A silver chalice presented to the church by Queen Anne of England, received after its conformation to the Church of England in 1709, is inscribed "Anne Regina".</p><br>
<p>The stained glass windows in the chancel are memorials to Rev. Bondet, Rev. Pierre Stouppe and Rev. Michael Houdin, Trinity&#39;s first three ministers. Many other stained glass windows, some of which were crafted by Tiffany, grace the church. The 19th and 20th century congregants, for whom the windows were dedicated, include such names as Iselin, Weyman, Davenport, Thorne and Lathers.</p><br>
<p>The old bell originally in the French Huguenot Church, Eglise du St. Esperit, on Pine Street in New York City, is preserved as a relic in the tower room. In 1823, it was presented to Trinity Church, New Rochelle, and hung up in the tower of the wooden church erected in 1823 - 1824.</p><br>
<h2>Huguenot Burying Ground</h2><br>
<p>The grounds of the church and the Parish House has a rich history that spans three centuries. On Trinitys land, three former town cemeteries now exist as one. Beginning with the first burial, that of James Bertines daughter in 1802, a cemetery was established just west of the present Parish House and became known as the "Trinity Graveyard". Just north of the church site was the private burial ground of the Allaire family, founding members of the community. A monument to "Alexander the Huguenot" marked the plot and the grave of its first burial. Captain Allaire died in 1782, and his descendants continued to be buried in the family plot until the 1940s. The third and oldest cemetery, the Huguenot Burying Ground, was located just beyond the Allaire&#39;s at the southwest side of Division Street at the corner of Union Avenue. The plot was part of the farm of Louis Bongrand, one of the first Huguenot settlers of the Town. In 1693 he gave the plot to the future residents of New Rochelle for a churchyard to bury their dead. The land southeast of the plot was eventually acquired by Trinity Church and all boundaries between the three cemeteries were erased. The arrival of the New York-New Haven railway line in 1849 had carved its way through the village, physically splitting the two once more. A large tract church land had been acquired by Westchester County which ran along the north side of the right of way of the railroad for the route of the projected Pelham-Port Chester Parkway. Although the parkway had not yet been built, the purchase required to removal of the bodies and tombstones from it to the church land on the south side of the railroad. The old burial ground had become otherwise nearly obliterated due to a long period of neglect, the destruction of headstones, and the laying out of new plots over older, unmarked ones. By the time of construction of the New England Thruway in 1956, just one of the final resting places was left to remain, with the Huguenot Burying Ground and the Allaire family cemetery being eliminated for the new six-lane highway.</p><br>
<p>After much litigation and negotiation, the graves of the two cemeteries were removed, an endeavor paid for by the New England Thruway, and coordinated by Rev. Philip M. Styles of Trinity Church. The early New Rochelleans and their descendants were dug up, placed in special boxes and reburied on the churchs land. Although 178 graves were opened, it is estimated that more than 400 Huguenots and Siwanoy Indian "friends" had been buried in the first cemetery. A monument in the Trinity yard marks the re-interred graves of the unknowns, and the extant stones moved along with the remains are placed nearby. The churchs "Huguenot Memorial Cemetery", or "Huguenot Burying Ground", has since been recognized as an historic cemetery that is the resting place for a wide cross section of the Huguenot founders, early settlers and other prominent citizens.</p><br>
<p>TrinityStPaulsNewRochelle0001.JPG</p><br>
<p>TrinityChurch1800s.PNG</p><br>
<p>Cairo Rosenwald School is a former school for African-American children located in the unincorporated community of Cairo, Sumner County, Tennessee. It was one of seven Rosenwald schools built in the county.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the school began in 1922 and was completed in 1923. The Julius Rosenwald Fund provided $500 toward the construction cost, the African-American community of Cairo raised $700 toward the project cost, and the Tennessee public school fund provided the remaining $700.</p><br>
<p>The school was built according to a standard design for a one-teacher Rosenwald school. Built on a stone foundation, it has a gable-end entrance and weatherboard siding. Its interior contains one classroom, with two cloak closets on either side of the entrance door and a platform across the end of the building opposite the door. Modernization efforts after World War II included addition of electric wiring and indoor plumbing, resulting in one of the cloak closets being converted to a restroom.</p><br>
<p>The school was operated until 1959, serving grades 1 through 8. After it closed due to school consolidation, it became a community center. In 1996, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places due to efforts by the Cairo Improvement Club. The building underwent a major restoration in 2008–2009 under the direction of the Tennessee Preservation Trust and the Middle Tennessee State University Center for Historic Preservation. The restoration project was assisted by a grant award of $46,987 from Lowe&#39;s Charitable and Educational Foundation.</p><br>
<p>King Homestead, renamed New Moon Farm in 1954, is a log home off Tennessee State Route 25 located near Cottontown, in Sumner County, Tennessee. It was built in 1796 by William King as the first home for himself and his new bride, Caroline Hassell, married on Christmas Day of the same year. The home remained in the King family for one hundred years, and a large farming operation was conducted on the property with the use of up to 30 enslaved people. The property and home were sold numerous times, falling into disrepair. The home has undergone renovation and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in January 30, 1978.</p><br>
<p>It was built originally as a single pen log house. In 1978 it was a two-story double pen with its front entrance into an enclosed former dogtrot.</p><br>
<p>Cragfont  is a state historic site and historic house located in Castalian Springs, Sumner County, Tennessee. It was the home of Revolutionary War protagonist and Middle Tennessee pioneer General James Winchester.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction was started in 1798 and completed in 1802 by artisans from James&#39; home state of Maryland. During the time, Cragfont was the finest mansion on the Tennessee frontier and typified the grandeur and style of the best architecture of the late Georgian period. Named Cragfont because it stood on a rocky bluff with a spring at its base, the house is furnished with Federal antiques, some of which are original to the Winchester family. The basement of the house features an authentic weaving room.</p><br>
<p>Cragfont is listed with the National Register of Historic Places and is open to the public. It is owned by the State of Tennessee and administered in partnership with the Tennessee Historical Commission by the non-profit group Historic Castalian Springs.</p><br>
<h2>James Winchester</h2><br>
<p>Winchester served as a brigadier general in the War of 1812 and a soldier against indigenous Native Americans. He is also credited with founding the city of Memphis, Tennessee along with Andrew Jackson and Judge John Overton. Winchester, who died at the home in 1826, is buried in the family plot behind the house.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<h3>Television</h3><br>
<p>Cragfont was featured as a haunted location on Haunted Live on 2018 on the Travel Channel, where the paranormal team Tennessee Wraith Chasers were the first ever to investigate the house.</p><br>
<p>Gallatin First Presbyterian Church is a historic church in Gallatin, Sumner County, Tennessee, affiliated with Presbyterian Church .</p><br>
<p>It occupies the oldest church building in Gallatin in continuous existence. The congregation was organized on October 25, 1828. Church construction took place during 1836–1837. It is built in the early Greek Revival architectural style.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary was used as a hospital for Federal troops during the Civil War. The same room suffered major fire damage, from an unattended candle, in December 2004. As a result, the sanctuary was gutted and rebuilt over the course of the following year.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is also registered with the Presbyterian Historical Society of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is designated as an American Presbyterian and Reformed Historical Site.</p><br>
<p>Rose Mont is a Greek Revival style house built in Gallatin, Sumner County, Tennessee, United States. It was built by Judge Josephus Conn Guild for his family, and completed in 1842. Once the site of the area&#39;s largest thoroughbred horse farm with 500 acre, it is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Rosemont. In 1993 the property was purchased by the City of Gallatin and the Rose Mont Restoration Foundation. The house is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rose Mont was built by Judge Josephus Conn Guild (1802–1883) for his family. It was begun in 1836 and completed in 1842. All of the materials for its construction were obtained on the property.</p><br>
<p>Rose Monts architecture is a blend of Greek Revival and Palladian styles. These architectural styles not commonly seen in Middle Tennessee homes of the era, which is typified by Federal or Georgian-style houses with a front entry hall containing a staircase to the second floor. Judge Guilds departure from the local architectural fashions was due to his favorable impression of the Creole-style houses he had seen on frequent trips to Louisiana. Creole elements in Rose Mont include the use of loggias and galleries to connect separate wings, wide porches, open-air halls and staircases, large windows, a raised basement, and an over-hanging roof. The house&#39;s main facade employed a classic Italian design by Andrea Palladio, whose influence is seen in the design of many mid-19th century plantation houses in the southern United States.</p><br>
<p>Rose Mont faces the east, so hot summer sun never falls on the main parlor, keeping it cooler. The name of the house derived from a large rose garden that Judge Guild&#39;s wife, Catherine Blackmore Guild (1803–1875), maintained on the north side of the house.</p><br>
<p>In its early years, the house was the center for a 500 acre working farm that raised thoroughbred horses and longhorn cattle. In 1978 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name "Rosemont". It was occupied by members of the Guild family from its construction until 1993, when it was acquired by the City of Gallatin and the Rose Mont Restoration Foundation.</p><br>
<p>It is open Tuesdays through Saturdays for guided tours from April 15 through October 31. The mansion and its reception hall are available for rental to the public.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<h3>Television</h3><br>
<p>Rose Mont was featured as a haunted location on the paranormal series, Haunted Live which aired in 2018 on the Travel Channel. The paranormal team, the Tennessee Wraith Chasers investigated reports of Nana, an Old Hag entity that attacks visitors to the home.</p><br>
<p>Trousdale Place is a historic mansion in Gallatin, Sumner County, Tennessee. It was the home of John H. Bowen, local attorney and member of the United States House of Representatives, and of governor of Tennessee William Trousdale.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Trousdale Place is a two-story Federal-style brick structure with staggered Flemish-bond brickwork.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Bowen built the house circa 1813. Bowen died in 1822. The site of the house had been part of a North Carolina land grant in lieu of payment to James Trousdale, a veteran of the Revolutionary War. He sold this portion for the platting of the town of Gallatin.</p><br>
<p>His son William Trousdale purchased the house in 1836 and later was elected as Governor of Tennessee. The house was Trousdale&#39;s principal residence until his death there in 1872. His widow lived there until her death in the following decade, when the house was passed to their son, Julius Trousdale.</p><br>
<p>After the 1899 deaths of Julius and his only living child, Julius&#39; widow, Annie Berry Trousdale, deeded the home to a local chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Since then, the house has been known as Trousdale Place. A Confederate monument was installed on the front lawn in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. By 1979, the museum was ready to build its own facility and was given permission to build on the grounds of Trousdale Place.</p><br>
<p>Today the house shares its grounds with the Sumner County Museum and is open to the public for tours by appointment. The interior of the house is furnished with original Trousdale furniture. It also contains a small library focused on the Confederacy.</p><br>
<p>Rock Castle State Historic Site, located in Hendersonville, Sumner County, Tennessee, is the former home of Daniel Smith. Construction began in 1784; its completion was delayed by conflicts with area Native Americans and the house was completed in 1796. It is listed with the National Register of Historic Places and is open to the public. It is one of the Tennessee Historical Commission&#39;s State-Owned Historic Sites and is operated by the Friends of Rock Castle in partnership with the Tennessee Historical Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Daniel Smith</h2><br>
<p>Daniel Smith served as a captain in Lord Dunmore&#39;s War, a colonel in the American Revolution, and a Brigadier General of the militia in the Metro District. He was a member of the committee to frame the USA Bill of Rights, a Territorial Secretary of State, and a USA Senator. He also surveyed land boundaries in Middle Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Smith was born in Stafford County, Virginia in 1748 as a twin. He was baptized in Elbo Warren Baptist Church October 24, which was five days before his twin sister, Sarah, died. Smith lived in Baltimore, Maryland before he moved into the home of Dr. Thomas Walker. At Walkers, Smith studied medicine and surveying. Dr. Walker was famous for being the legal guardian of Thomas Jefferson. While they were not close in age, Jefferson and Smith did know each other, but Congressional records prove that they met. In these records, Jefferson praises Smith "For intelligence, well-cultivated talents, integrity, and usefulness, in soundness of judgment in the practice of virtue and in shunning violence unequaled by few men, and in the purity of excelled by none." Later, Smith studied at the College of William and Mary, Jeffersons alma mater.</p><br>
<p>Smith served in the American Revolutionary War. He was a captain and was appointed a Justice of the Peace by Patrick Henry. He was promoted to Major of the Washington County, Tennessee Militia. In 1778, Daniel Smith was appointed commissioner to locate roads. In 1779, along with Dr. Walker, he was appointed to extend the line between Virginia and North Carolina. This later became the divisional lines of Kentucky and Tennessee. Afterward, in April 1778, Major Smith was recommended to become the Sheriff of Washington County. He was appointed Commissioner of Tax in the same year. Later that same year, Smith was appointed Examiner of the Bills of Credit.</p><br>
<p>Later Smith became Indian negotiator, where he negotiated most of the treaties with the Cherokee Indians in Tennessee. Smith, as mapmaker, created maps of Tennessee and Kentucky. He is the man that named the state "Tennasee" or "Tanasi", pronounced \ten-&#39;ah-see\. The name was chosen for a Cherokee settlement in the eastern part of the state. Smith drafted the State Constitution of Tennessee and was one of the men who drafted a constitution for the Continental Congress in 1796. While his draft was not chosen as the Federal Constitution, his work was chosen for the State of Tennessee. Smith became one of the earliest Senators for Tennessee, and served two terms. Daniel Smith also surveyed the area that would become Nashville, the Tennessee state capital.</p><br>
<p>In 1773, Smith married Sarah Michie. In 1783 Major Smith moved to the area that would become Tennessee with his wife and two young children to take up land that was given to him by the State of Virginia for his services in the Revolutionary War. He moved into a small log cabin. The Smith family lived in this for only a short time before the local American Indians burned it down in one of many isolated raids.</p><br>
<p>His best friend and neighbor was Andrew Jackson. Jacksons original log cabin was a two-story structure in Hunters Hill, down the river from Smiths home. Smith filled the vacancy in the Senate that was left open by Jacksons resignation. Smith was also an in-law of Jackson&#39;s.</p><br>
<h2>Sarah Michie Smith</h2><br>
<p>Sarah was born in 1755 to William Michie, the man that built the Michie Tavern near Charlottesville, Virginia. Her father, a Jacobite, was sentenced to transportation for his ideology. He and his family, including the very young Sarah, were brought to the American colonies for a mandatory period of seven years. After the allotted time had passed, William bought a tract of land from Major John Henry and built a permanent family home. His land was so close to a very well-traveled road that soon after finishing the house, travelers would stop in regularly. Eventually, William decided to open a proper tavern in his home to accommodate his frequent guests.</p><br>
<p>Sarah grew up a socialite. She would have been in the same circles as founding fathers such as Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry. This is how she met Dr. Thomas Walker, who ended up introducing Sarah to Daniel and is credited with setting up their romantic relationship. In 1773, Daniel and Sarah were wed.</p><br>
<p>After Sarah married Daniel, they moved to the Virginian frontier. Here is where she gave birth to their two children, George and Mary Ann (nicknamed Polly). All four moved to Sumner County, Tennessee in 1783. They "arrived in October, and spent at least the first winter in a log cabin. Isolated… under very real danger from Indian attack." Because of her husband&#39;s jobs, she found herself alone with her children most of the time. The family described her as having "uncommon strength and courage with a strong sense of humor." Her outgoing and strong nature can also be found in the opening line of a letter she wrote to her husband after a long period of his absence which reads, "Dear Husband, I still find myself under the disagreeable necessity of conversing with you on paper or not at all."</p><br>
<p>Sarahs social life was impacted greatly when she moved to isolated Sumner county, but she quickly found friendship with Rachel Jackson. Rachel was not an outgoing person to begin with, but after the scandal surrounding her marriage to two men at once broke, she became a complete recluse. However, she knew she had a close friend in Sarah and found herself at the Smiths home often.</p><br>
<h2>George Smith</h2><br>
<p>George Smith was the son of Daniel and Sarah Smith. He was born in Virginia in 1775 and moved with his family to Sumner County when he was about eight years old. George would grow up to inherit the home. As an adult, he incurred a large amount of debt as a result of his struggles with both drinking and gambling. George&#39;s son, who was a surveyor and a soldier like his grandfather, would end up having to bail his father out of debt to maintain the house.</p><br>
<h2>Mary Anne "Polly" Smith Donelson Saunders</h2><br>
<p>Polly was the daughter of Daniel and Sarah Smith. She was raised almost entirely on the frontier of the United States, having been born in 1781 and having moved to nearly unsettled land in 1783 at the age of two. At the age of fifteen, her father decided to send her to a boarding school in Philadelphia where she would be expected to become a proper young woman in the eyes of the Smiths society. However, Polly did not want to leave because she had fallen in love with 22-year-old Samuel Donelson, Rachel Jacksons brother and Andrew Jacksons partner in law. Pollys father did not want the two to be married, so Andrew and Samuel came up with a plan. They rode over to the Smiths home, where Jackson assisted Polly down a ladder placed against her bedroom window. Andrew Jackson, Samuel Donelson, and Polly Smith traversed down the river to the Jacksons home where a minister was waiting. The two married immediately. After learning of the marriage, Daniel became enraged and essentially disowned his daughter. A year later he welcomed her back into the family after she delivered his first grandchild. Polly would go on to have three children with Samuel, all boys.</p><br>
<p>Ten years into their marriage, Samuel died of pneumonia. Polly remarried with James Saunders, a member of the Saunders family that ran ferries up and down the Cumberland river in the late 1700s. He was also a widower. When they married, the Saunderss had nine children, and over the course of their marriage they had nine more. As a result of their stepfathers abuse, Polly and Samuel&#39;s three sons would soon leave the family home. Her oldest joined the military and passed away in service, while her younger two, Andrew Jackson Donelson and Daniel Smith Donelson, were adopted by Andrew and Rachel Jackson.</p><br>
<h2>Slaves at Rock Castle</h2><br>
<p>Few records survive regarding the history of enslaved people at Rock Castle. However, two enslaved people are frequently named in surviving documents. A woman named Easter, who worked in the house as a maid or nanny, lived in a loft above the dining room with her husband Alfred. The Smith family referred to this man as "Uncle Alfred," a common occurrence between slaveholding families and the enslaved people who most personally and closely served the family. A newspaper from 1910 also tells the story of an unnamed enslaved man who worked as a foreman on the farm being abducted from the site by Native Americans and taken east. When Smith was a Senator, the enslaved man contacted him to plead for a bounty so that he could be set free from his most recent captivity. Smith offered $900 to the Native people who abducted the unnamed enslaved man, and was transferred from the abductors to the plantation landscape of Rock Castle. The man was quoted as saying that he was "anxious to return to his old master and home." More reliable records show that by 1860, the Smiths owned 98 slaves. There are two letters of bill of sale that name the following slaves being sold from George Smith to Harry Smith in 1833:</p><br>
<p>Isaac, Martin, Charles, Cheshire, Larkin, Ina, Toby, Wilson, David, Henry, Sarah, Rachel, Judy (or Juda), Baty, Mitchel, Daniel, Jeffrey, Patricia, and Patricia&#39;s two children, Henrietta and Silva (or Silvia).</p><br>
<h2>Mansion and grounds</h2><br>
<p>In 1788, Daniel Smith (surveyor) acquired 4,722 acre of land in Sumner County, Tennessee along the Cumberland River and Drakes Creek. This was added to his land grant from North Carolina for his services to the Revolutionary War. This made a total of 3,140 acre for Senator Dan Smith. Polly, Daniel and Sarahs daughter, received 151 acre at the death of her father. Sarah received the land below this, in the amount of 1,510 acre. The rest of the land, including the mansion went to the son, George Smith. Over time, land was sold off for newer housing. Now, 18 acre adjoin the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was originally located near a stream that no longer flows. There were many slave cabins, a springhouse, and a smoke house. When Old Hickory Lake was created in 1954, the flood submerged most of the area behind the house. The smokehouse was razed to accommodate dirt brought in to prevent the house from flooding. Other buildings included the carriage house and barns.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was built in three sections over ten to twelve years. The mansion was built from rocks quarried on site. The first house built was three stories: a kitchen, a bedroom, and an attic. The stone construction inspired the myth that the house was a fireproof "castle" and that the rock protected the family from fires caused by cooking and set by Native Americans defending their right to the land. Later, a three-story addition was added including a basement, a dining room, and a third room that originally had four dormers that were removed later. The mantle over and around the fireplace is black-maple harvested from Rock Castles grounds. The last and third edition to the house was added to the front of the house, the most formal portion of the house. Though this area is currently interpreted as the downstairs master bedroom, it may have been originally used as a withdrawing or retiring room. The third addition also houses Daniel Smiths office. The walls in the space are decorated with faux painting. The upstairs houses George Smith&#39;s bedroom and room of unknown use. Rock Castle is the earliest known version of Federal Style architecture in Tennessee. The Greek revival facade with columns and porch may have been added by George Smith or his son Harry. Originally, the house consisted of nine rooms total.</p><br>
<p>As with any historic Middle Tennessee house of this era, construction items could be made on site, purchased from a local merchant, or ordered from exporters located farther east. Window glass could be shipped in cases, as were hinges, English locks, and barrels of cut nails. Enslaved workers with masonry skill mixed cement mortar from lime and sand binding the wall stones together in a "length-wise and width-wise alternately… Flemish bond pattern." This pattern requires planning, skill, and a good understanding of mathematics. Originally the roof was probably clad in pine shingles. A wooden fence painted with lime wash is said to be original to the house.</p><br>
<p>Smith Hansborough, who is thought to be Daniel Smiths nephew, may have commanded a group of enslaved workers as the projects overseer. In one of his letters to Daniel Smith, Hansborough discusses the progress of the house&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>There was also an herb garden and peach orchard on the grounds. The Smiths were locally famous for their peach brandy, which was sold at five shillings per gallon. Since Daniel Smith had training in the medical field, his gardens may have produced plants used for medicine including rosemary and mint, which helps in digestion and depression. The main agricultural enterprise of Rock Castle&#39;s plantation landscape was wheat and cotton.</p><br>
<h2>Family cemetery</h2><br>
<p>There are over fifty family members buried within the small family cemetery on site. The two largest markers are for the founding members, Daniel and Sarah Michie Smith and their son Colonel George Smith. They both have a table-like marker that apparently covers the entire grave. Senator Smith&#39;s is breaking down more, but can still be read. There are other small markers, as well as obelisk style markers and pediment style markers within. A stone fence with an iron gate surrounds the cemetery. The stones were quarried using the same stone as the mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>There are four original items within the mansion that belonged to the first Smiths. They are the sugar chest, the blanket chest, Senator Smiths desk and the original land grant from the State of North Carolina. One hundred of Daniel Smiths books are in the museum archives. Georges sideboard and a later generations grandfather clock is also within the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The State of Tennessee owns the property and the buildings at Rock Castle. The Tennessee Historical Commission provides a partial annual operating grant to the site and is responsible for major maintenance at the property. The Friends of Rock Castle, Inc. owns all of the artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The Friends of Rock Castle was formed in 1969 when the mansion and grounds were sold to the state from a Smith descendant. Board members take pride in the fact that Smith relatives have only owned the house. Sarah Crosby Berry was one of the founding members of the board. Each board member serves a three-year term. Most board members are very active with the site.</p><br>
<p>At the time of museum creation, the State of Tennessee removed years of updates to the mansion. One update was the removal of a concrete floor in a bathroom, which turned out to be the kitchen. Sarah Berry assisted with the selection of the stones for the flooring based on her memory from when she was a child. Dormers were removed from the central portion of the house with the assumption that they were added later. However, they were actually original to that edition of the mansion, but are too expensive to restore at this point.</p><br>
<p>Most rooms are currently being interpreted from the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century Regency era. The room off the dining room is being interpreted as the master bedroom because it is known that later in life, the Smiths did sleep in this room. However, there is no proof that it was built and utilized as such originally. The room immediately above is being used as an exhibit room because there is no proof of use. The room where the dormers had been is extremely dark. In total, visitors are able to view all nine rooms in the house today.</p><br>
<p>Bledsoes Station, also known as Bledsoes Fort, was an 18th-century fortified frontier settlement located in what is now Castalian Springs, Tennessee. The fort was built by longhunter and Sumner County pioneer Isaac Bledsoe  in the early 1780s to protect Upper Cumberland settlers and migrants from hostile Native American attacks. While the fort is no longer standing, its location has been verified by archaeological excavations. The site is now part of Bledsoes Fort Historical Park, a public park established in 1989 by Sumner County residents and Bledsoes descendants.</p><br>
<p>Bledsoes Station was one of a series of frontier outposts built in the Upper Cumberland during the first major migration of Euro-American settlers into the Middle Tennessee area following the American Revolution. The fort was a convenient stopover along Averys Trace&mdash;the main road connecting East and Middle Tennessee at the time. The flood of settlers into the region brought inevitable conflict with the regions Native American inhabitants, and dozens of settlers were killed in the late 1780s and early 1790s. Isaac Bledsoes brother Anthony was killed in an ambush at the fort in 1788, and Isaac was killed while tending a field outside the fort in 1793. The end of the Cherokee–American wars in 1794 ended much of the violence in the region and reduced the fort&#39;s necessity.</p><br>
<p>Bledsoes Fort Historical Park protects the forts excavation site, as an outline of the fort&#39;s walls can be discerned from former excavation trenches, as well as several historic structures, including the Nathaniel Parker Cabin and Hugh Rogan Cottage, who were compatriots of Isaac Bledsoe and a pioneer cemetery, with a large obelisk, dedicated to the Bledsoe brothers. The Castalian Springs Mound Site and the Wynnewood State Historic Site are located immediately east of the park, and the Cragfont State Historic Site is located immediately to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Bledsoes Station was located on a hill slope between Bledsoe Creek to the west and Bledsoe Lick Creek to the east. Both streams empty into the Old Hickory Lake impoundment of the Cumberland River just over a mile to the south. The hill is relatively blunt and consists of open fields alternating with densely forested areas. The top of the hill is used as a flying zone for radio-controlled airplanes. The spring that furnished the minerals for Bledsoes Lick flows at the base of the hill a few hundred yards east of the fort site.</p><br>
<p>Bledsoes Fort Historical Park covers most of the hill between the Sumner County RC Flyers airfield and Rock Springs Road. Tennessee State Route 25, also known as Hartsville Pike, provides the parks southern boundary and main access. The park is roughly halfway between Hartsville to the east and Gallatin to the west and lies approximately 35 mi northeast of Nashville.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Native-American settlements</h3><br>
<p>For thousands of years, the mineral springs at Bledsoes Lick attracted buffalo and other large animals and subsequently drew Native American hunters to the area. Native Americans were hunting around Bledsoes Lick as early as 12,000 years ago during the Paleo-Indian period and camped sporadically in the area throughout the Archaic (8000-1000 BC) and Woodland (1000 BC - 1000 AD) periods. During the Mississippian period (c. 1000&ndash;1450 AD), a substantial village had been established at the Castalian Springs Mound Site, a few hundred yards from the mineral springs. The village covered 40 acre and contained at least 12 mounds. By the time the first Euro-American explorers arrived in the area in the mid-18th century, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Creek claimed the area as a hunting ground.</p><br>
<h3>European-American exploration</h3><br>
<p>Among the first documented English-American explorers, in the Upper Cumberland region, were the longhunters, so-called because of the long durations of their hunting expeditions. The longhunters typically followed the Cumberland River and its headwaters, from southwestern Virginia into Middle Tennessee. Expeditions led by Henry Skaggs in 1765 and James Smith in 1766 passed through what is now Sumner County, Tennessee, and hunted extensively in the Upper Cumberland region. In 1769, an expedition led by Kasper Mansker spent several months in the Upper Cumberland area, eventually sending two canoes full of furs downriver to Natchez, Mississippi. Mansker returned to the Upper Cumberland in 1771 with a larger group of hunters&mdash;among them Isaac Bledsoe&mdash;and collected several thousand skins. In 1772, Mansker and Bledsoe led a third expedition to the Upper Cumberland region. This group established a base camp along Station Camp Creek (giving the creek its name) a few miles to the west near Gallatin. It was during this third expedition that Bledsoe followed the ancient buffalo paths to the creek and salt lick that now bear his name, and where he would eventually construct his fort.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1770s, longhunter and explorer Thomas "Bigfoot" Spencer led a hunting expedition that camped near Bledsoe&#39;s Lick. Spencer remained throughout 1778, spending the winter in a hollowed-out sycamore tree just south of the mineral springs. Spencer spent much of the year building cabins in the area, believing (mistakenly) that if he constructed cabins on certain tracts of land, he could lay claim to these tracts.</p><br>
<h3>European-American settlement and Indian hostilities</h3><br>
<p>The Bledsoe brothers, Isaac and Anthony, were born in Virginia in the early 1730s. Anthony Bledsoe, the older of the two, served in the French and Indian War and in various capacities with the Virginia militia. He commanded Fort Patrick Henry at Long Island of the Holston in 1776 and was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates the following year. Isaac Bledsoe also served in the French and Indian War, and following the long hunting excursions of the early 1770s, he joined William Christian&#39;s 1776 punitive expedition against the Cherokee. In 1779, North Carolina appointed Anthony Bledsoe to lead a surveying party to Middle Tennessee. Isaac Bledsoe followed in 1781.</p><br>
<p>Isaac Bledsoe probably began building Bledsoes Station shortly after his arrival, although he did not move his family into the fort until 1783. Around the time Bledsoes Station was completed, Anthony completed a fort at Greenfield 2.5 mi north of Bledsoes Station. As settlers poured into the Upper Cumberland region, conflict with the regions Native American inhabitants intensified. The Chickamaugas&mdash;a renegade branch of the Cherokee&mdash;had for the most part been at war with the United States since 1776 and opposed land concessions that would allow Euro-American settlers to move into the Middle Tennessee area permanently.</p><br>
<p>In 1782, frontiersman Hugh Rogan (1747–1814) was nearly killed in an ambush in the vicinity of what is now Cragfont. A hunting party led by Thomas Spencer was attacked at Drakes Creek in 1784. Spencer survived but was later killed in an ambush near Crab Orchard. In 1786, Anthony Bledsoe wrote a letter to North Carolina governor Richard Caswell reporting that 14 settlers had been killed that year and sought permission to attack the Chickamaugas. A schoolmaster named George Hamilton was shot and badly wounded at Bledsoes Station in 1787. As attacks increased, Anthony moved his family from Greenfield to Bledsoe&#39;s Station, which afforded better protection, but in 1788 he was shot and mortally wounded when he accidentally stepped into a section of the fort vulnerable to hostile fire.</p><br>
<p>Conflict between the Chickamaugas and the Upper Cumberland settlers continued into the early 1790s. Zieglers Fort (at what is now Bledsoe Creek State Park a few miles southwest of Bledsoes Lick) was overrun in 1792, and Morgans Station (northwest of Bledsoes Lick) was nearly burned a few months later. In 1793, Isaac Bledsoe was shot and killed while walking through a field near Bledsoe&#39;s Station. The following year, a son of Anthony Bledsoe (named Anthony) and a nephew of Anthony and Isaac (also named Anthony) were both ambushed and killed near Rock Castle at what is now Hendersonville. Thomas Bledsoe, another son of Anthony Bledsoe, was ambushed and killed a few months later. Hostilities between the settlers and the Chickamaugas finally subsided when the 1794 Treaty of Tellico brought an end to the Cherokee–American wars.</p><br>
<h3>Avery&#39;s Trace</h3><br>
<p>The first major road connecting the Upper Cumberland region with settlements to the east, known as Averys Trace, was completed in 1788. The road, which connected Fort Southwest Point with Nashville, passed a few hundred feet east of Bledsoes Station. Guests at Bledsoe&#39;s Station in the 1790s included French botanist André Michaux and Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans and later king of France.</p><br>
<p>General James Winchester, who helped establish Cairo to the southwest and was later instrumental in the founding of Memphis, purchased Bledsoes Station in 1797. The following year, Winchester completed Cragfont near Bledsoe Creek about a mile to the west. In 1807, a pioneer from North Carolina named Jeremiah Belote purchased Bledsoes Lick, and his descendants retained possession of the property for several decades.</p><br>
<h2>Bledsoe&#39;s Fort Historical Park</h2><br>
<p>Following Winchesters death in 1826, his daughter, Almira Wynne, inherited what is now the Wynnewood State Historical Site. Wynnewood&mdash;the largest extant log structure in the state&mdash;was completed in 1830 and operated as an inn. During this period, the Winchester family also managed to change the name of Bledsoes Lick to "Castalian Springs", the name being derived from the spring of mythological importance near Delphi in Greece. Castalian Springs thrived sporadically as a health resort until 1914.</p><br>
<p>The Bledsoes Station site was purchased by Sumner County in 1989. Bledsoes Fort Historical Park consists of approximately 80 acre, and includes the Bledsoes Station site and several other features important to the early history of the Upper Cumberland region. The park is owned by Sumner County and maintained by the Bledsoes Lick Historical Association. A short loop trail&mdash;part of which follows a section of Avery&#39;s Trace&mdash;provides access to the fort site and other features.</p><br>
<h3>Historical features</h3><br>
<p>Bledsoes Station site &mdash; the site of Bledsoes Station was excavated by Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU) in the late 1990s. Excavators discovered several root cellars (indicating the presence of log cabins) and the fort&#39;s stockade. The excavation trench lines remain, and a small platform overlooks the site.</p><br>
<p>Hugh Rogan Cottage &mdash; Hugh Rogans stone cottage was built a few miles north of Bledsoes Lick around 1800. The cottages architecture was heavily influenced by folk traditions of Rogans native Ireland, namely the low gabled roof and corresponding doors and windows. The cottage was dismantled and moved to the park in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Parker Cabin &mdash; Nathaniel Parkers cabin is a typical pioneer log cabin, built in the 1780s. The cabin was originally located a few miles north of Bledsoes Lick and later dismantled and moved to the park. Parker married Mary Ramsey Bledsoe&mdash;the widow of Anthony Bledsoe&mdash;in the 1790s and commanded the fort at Greenfield.</p><br>
<p>Belote Cemetery &mdash; the Belote Cemetery (also called the "Pioneer Cemetery") is located along a section of Averys Trace a few hundred yards southeast of the fort site and contains the graves of various early settlers in the Bledsoes Lick area. The cemetery&#39;s most prominent feature is a 15 ft obelisk erected by the Bledsoe family in 1908 as a monument to Isaac and Anthony Bledsoe.</p><br>
<p>Long hunter camp &mdash; the long hunter camp is a demonstration area located along a spring near the ancient salt lick. MTSU has constructed a "lean-to" structure believed to be typical of shelters used at 18th-century long hunter base camps.</p><br>
<p>Belote springhouse &mdash; the ruins of a springhouse used by the Belote family in the 19th century are located along a spring in the Bledsoe&#39;s Lick area, near the Long hunter camp.</p><br>
<p>The Cavern of the Skulls &mdash; a cave is located a few hundred feet east of the fort site. The cave&#39;s entrance, which is approximately 5 ft x 10 ft, is closed to the public. 19th-century cave explorers reported the presence of human skulls in the cave, suggesting that the inhabitants of the Cheskiki Mound village may have used the cave to store "trophy" skulls. A ritual scene depicted on a shell gorget uncovered at the mound site lends some credence to this hypothesis.</p><br>
<p>Bathhouse Row is a collection of bathhouses, associated buildings, and gardens located at Hot Springs National Park in the city of Hot Springs, Arkansas. The bathhouses were included in 1832 when the Federal Government took over four parcels of land to preserve 47 natural hot springs, their mineral waters which lack the sulphur odor of most hot springs, and their area of origin on the lower slopes of Hot Springs Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The existing bathhouses are the third and fourth generations of bathhouses along Hot Springs Creek, and some were built directly over the hot springs. Because of this resource, the area was set aside in 1832 as the first federal reserve. The bathhouses are a collection of turn-of-the-century eclectic buildings in neoclassical, renaissance-revival, Spanish and Italianate styles aligned in a linear pattern with formal entrances, outdoor fountains, promenades, and other landscape-architectural features. The buildings are illustrative of the popularity of the spa movement in the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries. The bathhouse industry went into a steep decline during the mid-20th century as advancements in medicine made bathing in natural hot springs appear less believable as a remedy for illness.</p><br>
<p>Bathhouse Row was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bathhouse Row contains eight bathhouses aligned in a row: Buckstaff, Fordyce, Hale, Lamar, Maurice, Ozark, Quapaw, and Superior. These were independent, competing, commercial enterprises. The area included in the National Historic Landmark also includes a Grand Promenade on the hill above the bathhouses, an entrance way including fountains, and a National Park Service Administration building.</p><br>
<h3>Buckstaff</h3><br>
<p>Completed in 1912, the elegantly designed Buckstaff Baths operates under National Park Service regulations, its well-trained staff provides a range of services from tradition thermal mineral baths and body massages to Swedish style full body massages. The bathing tubs are private and bathing suits are optional, although visitors may cover themselves between the bathing stations. Services begin with a "Whirlpool Mineral Bath" for $35.00</p><br>
<p>The cream-colored brick building is neoclassical in style with the base, spandrels, friezes, cornices and the parapet finished in white stucco. It was a radical departure from the fanciful structures that preceded it, and compared to the Irish House of Parliament or the Treasury Building. The entrance is divided into seven bays by engaged columns, with a pavilion on each end.</p><br>
<p>Friezes above the two-story doric columns have medallions (paterae) that frame the brass lettered words "Buckstaff Baths" centered above the entrance. Brass handrails border the ramp that leads up to the brass-covered and glazed wood-frame entrance doors. First floor windows are arched; second story windows are rectangular. Those on the third floor are small rectangular windows, with classical urns between them above the cornice that finish the columns. The first floor of the building contains the lobby and mens facilities. Womens facilities are on the second floor. The third floor is a common space containing reading and writing rooms and access to the roof-top sun porches at the north and south ends of the building.</p><br>
<h3>Fordyce (now visitor center)</h3><br>
<p>The Fordyce bathhouse is the most elaborate and was the most expensive of the bathhouses, the cost including fixtures and furniture being $212,749.55 US. It was closed on June 29, 1962, the first of the Row establishments to fall victim to the decline in popularity of therapeutic bathing. Fordyce Bathhouse has served as the park visitor center since 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Fordyce bathhouse was built in 1914–15, designed by George Mann and Eugene John Stern of Little Rock, Arkansas. Its surpassing elegance was intentional, as Samuel W. Fordyce waited to observe the Maurices construction to find out if he could build "a more attractive and convenient" facility. It was built as a testimonial to the healing waters to which Mr. Fordyce believed he owed his life. It represents the "Golden Age of Bathing" in America, the pinnacle of the American bathing industrys efforts to create a spa rivaling those of Europe. The Fordyce offered all the treatments available in other houses.</p><br>
<p>The Fordyce provided for the well-being of the whole patron – body, mind, and spirit. It offered a museum where prehistoric Native American relics were displayed, bowling lanes and a billiard room for recreation, a gymnasium for exercise, a roof garden for clean air and sun, and a variety of assembly rooms and staterooms for conversation and reading.</p><br>
<p>In style, the building is primarily a Renaissance Revival structure, with both Spanish and Italian elements. The building is a three-story structure of brick construction, with a decorative cream-colored brick facing with terra cotta detailing. The foundation and porch are constructed of Batesville limestone. On the upper two stories, the brickwork is patterned in a lozenge design. The first floor exterior of the front elevation to the west is finished with rusticated terra cotta (shaped to look like ashlar stone masonry). The remainder of the first floor is finished with glazed brick. A marquee of stained glass and copper with a parapet of Greek design motifs overhangs the open entrance porch. The north and south end walls have curvilinear parapets of Spanish extraction. These side walls have highly decorative terra cotta windows on the first floor. On the front elevation, the fenestration defines the seven bays of the structure and provides the architectural hierarchy typical of Renaissance Revival–style buildings. The windows on the first floor are of simple rectangular design. Those on the second floor are paired six-light casements within an elaborate terra cotta molding that continues up around the arched window/door openings of the third floor. The arches of those openings are incorporated into the terra cotta frieze that elegantly finishes the top of the wall directly below the cornice. Visible portions of the roof are hipped, covered with decorative tile. Hidden portions of the roof are flat, with the exception of the large skylights constructed of metal frames and wire glass.</p><br>
<p>The first floor contains the marble-walled lobby, flanked by terra cotta fountains, which has stained glass clerestory windows and ceramic tile flooring. In the vicinity of the lobby desk are a check room, attendant dispatch room, and elevators. The north and central portions of the building house the mens facilities: cooling room, pack room, steam room, hydrotherapy room, and bath hall. The womens facilities, considerably smaller in size, are at the south end of the building. Originally there was a 30 tub capacity. Although the mens and womens bath halls both have stained glass windows in aquatic motifs, the most impressive stained glass is the massive skylight in the mens area, with the DeSoto fountain centered on the floor directly below it. The second floor originally had dressing rooms, lockers, cooling rooms, and massage and mechano-therapy departments; now it is largely occupied by wood changing stalls, with entry to a centrally located quarry-tile courtyard for sunbathing. The third floor houses a massive ceramic-tiled Hubbard Currence therapeutic tub (a full body immersion whirlpool installed in 1938 when other hydrotherapeutic pools were also added), areas for men s and women&#39; s parlors, and a wood panelled gymnasium to the rear. The most impressive space on the third floor is the assembly room (now museum) where the segmentally arched vaults of the ceiling are filled in with arched, stained glass skylights. Arched wood-frame doors surrounded by fanlights and sidelights open out to the small balconies of the front elevation. The basement houses various mechanical equipment, a bowling alley (since removed), and the Fordyce spring – a glazed tile room with an arched ceiling and a plate glass window covering over the natural hot spring (spring number 46).</p><br>
<p>Colonel Samuel W. Fordyce was an important figure in the history of Hot Springs – soldier, entrepreneur, and community leader. After experiencing the curative powers of the thermal waters in treating a Civil War injury, he moved to Hot Springs and was involved in numerous businesses including the Arlington and Eastman Hotels, several bathhouses, a theater, the horsecar line, and utilities. Fordyce had a hand in virtually every development which shaped the community and Bathhouse Row from the 1870s to the 1920s.</p><br>
<h3>Hale</h3><br>
<p>The Hale was constructed in 1892–93, replacing an earlier Hale bathhouse. The Hale was probably the first of the Hot Springs 19th-century bathhouses to offer modern conveniences to its bathers, and thus became more cosmopolitan in nature. The first Hale Bathhouse, built in 1841 by John C. Hale, was the first to provide more than just a bath as a service. Within twenty years there were at least three establishments in Hot Springs bearing Hale&#39;s name, although none of these appear to have been situated at the location of the present Hale. It is very likely that all the early structures were destroyed by raiders during the Civil War. Following the war, Hale rebuilt his bathhouse near the Alum Spring. John Hale died in 1875 and the bathhouse lease was sold or transferred by his heirs. After the Hot Springs Commission settled land claims in the area in 1879, William Nelson built a bathhouse adjacent to the existing Hale Bathhouse with the intent to replace it. The 1879 frame structure was razed in 1891 and a new building put up on the site the next year by principal owner Colonel Root. The building retains a considerable amount of its 19th-century character and probably has extensive historical archeological potential around its foundation.</p><br>
<p>Over the entrance there is a double curved parapet with the name of the bathhouse. On either side of the entrance are small windows barred by handsome wrought-iron grilles. The entrance arcade forms a wide sun room where guests could relax. An attractive great-hipped roof of red tile crowns the building on all four sides.</p><br>
<p>The first floor contains the sun porch, lobby, office, and mens and womens facilities. The south side of the building (the front half and the back two-thirds) contains the mens area with dressing room, pack room, cooling room, and bathing hall with skylight. The womens side contains similar facilities, but smaller in scale. The second floor, reached by stairs flanking either side of the lobby, has additional dressing spaces, cooling rooms, and massage rooms for men and women. The partial basement has employee dressing rooms and a display spring. The basement underwent repairs following a flood in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The floors were laid with handsome French tiling and/or marble. The bathing department had tile floors, 26 tubs, marble partitions, and nickel-plated hardware. The tubs were rolled, rimmed, and porcelain lined. The 20 ft-high ceilings provided excellent ventilation. The Hale had two needle and shower baths, one hot room, six cooling rooms, a gymnasium, and 14 dressing rooms on the mens side; the womens department contained 8 tubs, one vapor bath, one hot room, two cooling rooms, one needle bath, and six individual dressing rooms. The house included a subterranean excavation or cave in the tufa bluff directly to the rear of the building. This cave was used as a sweat room; it was known for some time as the "electric cave" until it was closed in 1911.</p><br>
<p>The building ceased operation as a bathhouse in 1978 and was closed for several years. In 1981 it was remodeled for use as a theater and concessionaire operation (snack bar, gift shops, and arcade). A new emergency exit was installed at the south end of the lobby to meet fire code regulations. The concessionaire operation failed and the building closed nine months later. In May 2019, Hotel Hale opened to the public. The hotel has nine rooms and an on-site restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The 12,000 ft&sup2; building is primarily a brick and concrete structure, reinforced with iron and steel. It was originally built in 1883 in the Classical Revival style, with an enormous central cupola and possessed a flamboyant Victorian air. Regulations were changed in 1910 and following negotiations the building underwent extensive renovations in 1914 (design by George Mann and Eugene Stern of Little Rock). It was again remodeled in the late 1930s (design by Thompson, Sanders, and Ginocchio of Little Rock). The latter renovation changed the facade from neo-Classical revival to Mission Style in 1939–40. The building is generally rectangular in plan, and is two and one half stories in height.</p><br>
<p>By 1919, the neo-Classical building had a hierarchy of fenestration typical of that style: rectangular windows on the ground floor with arched windows on the second floor. The 1939 remodeling included changing the rectangular window openings of the sun porch at the front of the structure to arched window openings, like those on the second story, suggesting arcades of piers with capitals. The classical segmental arch over the main entrance became a simpler Spanish bell gable. The brick was covered with stucco, and wrought iron grilles were placed over the two windows flanking the entrance. The entire effect became very "California". Interior modifications in conjunction with those remodelings are unknown. An unusual engineering feature in the basement is the use of brick vaulting as the form into which concrete was poured for the floor above. In other words, the original first floor structure and basement ceiling has steel beams with shallow brick vaults between them, held in place with steel tension bars; the whole assembly is covered with a concrete topping.</p><br>
<h3>Lamar</h3><br>
<p>The Lamar Bathhouse was completed in 1923 in a transitional style often used in clean-lined commercial buildings of the time that were still not totally devoid of elements left over from various classical revivals: symmetry, cornices, and vague pediments articulating the front entrance.</p><br>
<p>The sun porch leads into the lobby, whose north, south, and east walls are covered with murals of architectural and country scenes. Facilities including cool rooms, pack rooms and bath halls are on this floor, with the mens at the north and the womens at the south. Centered in the building is the stair core that receives natural light from a skylight above. The second floor contains massage rooms, a writing room, dressing rooms, and a gymnasium. The partial basement houses attendant rooms and mechanical equipment. The building&#39;s bathhouse operations ended in November 1985.</p><br>
<p>The building is a two-story reinforced concrete structure finished with stucco on the exterior. A one-story enclosed sun porch spans nearly the entire length of the front elevation. The two-story portion is rectangular in plan. The flat roof is finished with built-up roofing material, with the exception of the metal-framed wire glass skylight. Brick and clay tiles cap the parapet edges.</p><br>
<p>The Lamar is now used as the park&#39;s giftshop.</p><br>
<h3>Maurice</h3><br>
<p>Construction began on the new Maurice Bathhouse in 1911 and was completed by 1912. The building was designed by George Gleim Jr. of Chicago. The building was remodeled in 1915, following a design by George Mann and Eugene John Stern of Little Rock, which added the front sun parlor and made the white hygienic appearance warmer and more luxurious.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the Maurice Bathhouse is simple yet elegant in design. The interior of the Maurice – patterned after the most successful contemporary European spas – was one of the best equipped and luxurious early-20th-century American bathhouses. The Maurice is probably the best example on Bathhouse Row of a bathhouse specially designed using concrete, metal, and ceramic elements to furnish a hygienic atmosphere and specially equipped with the ultimate in early-20th-century bathing technology. Technologically advanced heating, ventilating, and vacuum-cleaning systems were installed in the Maurice to provide a comfortable, healthy atmosphere for the bather. A therapeutic pool was installed in the Maurice in 1931 to treat various forms of paralysis (spurred on by Franklin Delano Roosevelt&#39;s treatments at Warm Springs, Georgia). At this time it was also the first of the Hot Springs bathhouses to provide specialized treatment for polio and other severe muscular and joint problems, being the only one to employ a registered physical therapist.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has the entrance through the front sun parlor, lobby, stairs and elevators, mens facilities to the south, and womens facilities to the north. The arches and fluted Ionic pilasters of the lobby re-emphasize the elegance presented by the front elevation. An addition to the lobby space is the orange neon "Maurice" sign on the wall behind the marble counter of the front desk. Neon signs were also found on the interior of the Superior and in other businesses in the immediate vicinity. Stained glass skylights and windows of mythical sea scenes in the mens and womens portions contribute to the sophistication of the building. The second floor contains dressing rooms, a billiard room with a mural, and various staff rooms.</p><br>
<p>The third floor houses the dark-panelled Roycroft Den, named after Elbert Hubbards New York Press, which promoted the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States. Also known as the "Dutch Den", it replaced a solarium during the 1915 remodeling. The den contains an inglenook fireplace with flanking benches and carved mascarons detail the ends of the ceiling beams. In 1930 the mens basement gymnasium was replaced when the den was converted to a gymnasium; originally there were both mens and womens gymnasiums in the basement.</p><br>
<p>The building, generally square in plan, is three stories in height and contains 79 rooms and nearly 30,000 ft&sup2; (including basement). The building was designed in an eclectic combination of Renaissance Revival and Mediterranean styles commonly used by architects in California, such as Julia Morgan. The brick and concrete load-bearing walls are finished with stucco on the exterior, and inset with decorative colored tiles. The front elevation of the building is symmetrical, with a five-bay enclosed sun porch set back between the north- and south-end wings. Besides the symmetry, the hierarchy of fenestration found in Renaissance Revival buildings is also present: delicate arches of the porch window and door openings on the first floor, paired nine-light windows on the second story, and enormous rectangular openings on the third floor, further illuminated by the skylight above. Much of the roof is flat, with parapets and other sections of the roof visible from ground level are covered with green tile. The skylights are metal frames with wire glass. The concrete beams on the interior of the beam and slab floor construction are exposed, finished with plaster similar to the interior walls.</p><br>
<p>Originally, this building contained 27 tubs (seven of them in the ladies&#39; department), a Nauheim bath, and hydro-therapeutic baths; it could handle 650 bathers a day. Additional tubs were installed in 1924. Battle Creek Sanitarium also employed Nauheim baths.</p><br>
<p>The Maurice represents another facet of American spa history. It provided special services, elegant appointments, and luxurious decor to attract sophisticated bathers who came to Hot Springs to fraternize with their peers. It is said that Jack Dempsey trained in the gymnasium and Elbert Hubbard based one of his Journeys booklets on W. G. Maurice and his bathhouse.</p><br>
<h3>Ozark</h3><br>
<p>The Ozark Bathhouse was completed in 1922 and designed by George Mann and Eugene John Stern of Little Rock. The building closed for use as a bathhouse in 1977. The building was repurposed as the Ozark Bathhouse Cultural Center in 2014. It is a venue for park events and displays artwork for the park&#39;s Artist in Residence program.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the central lobby has a marble counter with hallways to the mens and womens facilities on either side. Mirrors cover the walls in the lobby. The floor of the sun porch is covered with quarry tile, and most of the remaining floors in the building are finished with acrylic tile. Ceilings are concrete and painted plaster. Interior walls are brick and hollow tile finished with plaster.</p><br>
<p>The two-story 37-room Spanish Colonial Revival building, approximately 14,000 ft&sup2, is constructed of brick and concrete masonry finished with stucco. The structure is trapezoidal in plan, although the impressive front elevation is symmetrically designed with twin towers composed of three-tiered setbacks flanking the main entrance. The main entrance is accessed through an enclosed sun porch, a later addition set between two pavilions that form the visual bases of the towers above them. The windows of the pavilions have decorative cartouches above them, as well as a series of rectangular setbacks that evoke a vague Art Deco appearance. Additional wings of the building continue to the north and south of the towers. The sloped roofs over the porch and part of the second story are covered with red clay tile. The hipped roofs of the towers, also covered in red clay tile, are topped with finials. The remainder of the roof is flat, with the exception of the metal-framed glass skylight over the porch.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 concrete cooling tanks (finished with stucco on the exterior) were added to the rear of the building. The massage rooms were expanded in 1941. The cooling towers were removed in 1953 followed by a complete overhaul of the second story interior in 1956. The skylights were rehabilitated in 1983.</p><br>
<h3>Quapaw</h3><br>
<p>The Quapaw bathhouse was built in 1922 in a Spanish Colonial Revival style building of masonry and reinforced concrete finished with stucco. The most striking exterior feature is the large central dome covered with brilliantly colored tiles and capped with a small copper cupola. The building&#39;s use as a bathhouse ended in 1984 when the last contract ended. A new lease was signed with the National Park in 2007 and the Quapaw Bath house reopened as Quapaw Baths & Spa in July 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Quapaw Bathhouse was built on the sites of two earlier bathhouses, the Horseshoe and the Magnesia, which resulted in its large land assignment on Bathhouse Row. The moderately priced bathhouse services were designed to serve the public at rates set somewhere between the lower-priced Superior and the luxurious Maurice. With an original capacity of 40 tubs the building was expected to handle about three times as many bathers as the Hale or Superior.</p><br>
<p>Originally to be named the Platt Bathhouse, after one of the owners, but when a tufa cavity was discovered during excavation the owners decided to promote it as an Indian cave. It was renamed Quapaw Bathhouse in honor of a local Native American tribe that briefly held the surrounding territory after the Louisiana Purchase was made. The natural hot spring in the building&#39;s basement was publicized in promotional brochures making the cave and hot spring a popular attraction. The Quapaw had bathing facilities on its first floor making them accessible to the elderly, handicapped, and wheelchairs.</p><br>
<p>Most of the floor space is in the U-shaped first floor which has a quarry-tiled lobby with sun porches on each side and massage facilities on the north and south pavilions. The rest of the first floor is divided unequally between the mens and womens bathing facilities which occupy the north and south sides respectively. The narrow rectangular second floor, running the length of the facade and topped with the dome, has dressing rooms and a lounge. The Quapaw was the moderately priced bathhouse with none of the extras such as beauty parlors. Baths, vapors, showers and cooling rooms were provided with massages and some electro-therapy also offered. The partial basement contains a laundry (moved there in the late 1940s), mechanical equipment and a tufa chamber housing the Quapaw spring.</p><br>
<p>Directly above the entrance is a cartouche with a carved Indian head set into the decorative double-curved parapet. The Indian motif, found in several other places in the bathhouse, was used to reinforce the promotional "Legend of the Quapaw Baths" which claimed that the Indians had discovered the magical healing powers of the cave and spring which were now housed in the building&#39;s basement. The double-curved parapets at the north and south ends of the building are capped with scalloped shells that frame spiny sculpin fish. The shell and the fish both emphasize the aquatic aspect of the building. The scalloped shell is a common architectural element found in Spanish Colonial and Revival buildings. Originally the symbol was used to represent Santiago de Campostela, the patron saint of Spain, but it evolved into a mere decorative element in secular revival buildings such as this. The sculpins, originally painted gold, are now painted white.</p><br>
<p>On the front elevation a series of arched windows is interrupted by a central pavilion that forms the entrance. The arched entrance doorway is flanked by two smaller arches. Further emphasizing the entrance are two large finials that project out of the roofline of the second story, visually framing the dome behind them. The dome&#39;s mosaic is chevron-patterned with a band of rectangular and diamond patterns encircling its base. The dome rests on an octagonal base and a new compression ring was installed after 2004. The sloped roofs of the first and second floor are visible from the front elevation and are covered with red clay tiles. Portions of the roof that are not visible from the ground are flat. The interior of the building is more than 20,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 the portico across the front of the building was winterized with glass enclosures in the window openings which was removed in the early 21st century. Acoustic tile ceilings were added in the mens first cooling room and the womens pack room. Some of the outside walls were insulated the following year. New partitions were installed in 1944 to allow more space for massage facilities. The display spring in the basement was covered with plate glass in the mid-1950s. Closed in 1968, it was reopened as Health Services, Inc. with only 20 tubs and services that were oriented towards hydrotherapy and physical therapy. It was the only bathhouse open on evenings and weekends. It regained its original name a year before it was closed in 1984 following the discovery of major damage to plaster ceilings and skylights. The exterior was sandblasted, repaired and repainted its original white color in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Work began in August 2007 to ready the building for its new use with pools added so that whole families can enjoy the spring water together and the bathhouse re-opened to the public in 2008.</p><br>
<h3>Superior</h3><br>
<p>The northernmost bathhouse on the row is the Superior which was completed in 1916 and designed by architect Harry C. Schwebke of Hot Springs, Arkansas. The building is designed in an eclectic commercial style of Classical Revival origin. The building has two stories and a basement, is L-shaped in plan and is constructed of brick masonry and reinforced concrete. It contains 23 rooms and is more than 10,000 ft&sup2;. The building was constructed on the site of an 1880s Victorian style Superior bathhouse. Brick from the previous bathhouse may have been reused in this structure.</p><br>
<p>Principal exterior architectural details are on the front elevation. The three bays are separated by brick pilasters with patterned insets and decorated with concrete painted in an imitation of ornamental tiles. Green tile medallions (paterae) are centered over the pilasters in the friezes below the first and second story cornices. Both roofs are flat and topped with brick parapets. The cornice and exterior trim are painted metal and stone.</p><br>
<p>The one-story sun porch at the front elevation projects out from the main mass of the two-story building. The first floor contains the sun porch, the lobby flanked by the stairs and the bathing facilities. The mens bath hall, dressing rooms and pack room are on the longer north end of the building. The womens facilities are smaller and located on the south side of the building. The two stairways leading upstairs have marble treads and balusters with tile wainscoting on the walls. The second floor is divided down the middle with dressing facilities, cooling rooms and massage rooms on either side for men and women with each served by its own stairs. Bath stalls are marble-walled with tile floors and solid porcelain tubs. The front desk in the lobby is marble while most of the interior hardware is brass. Walls vary from painted plaster to marble (men&#39;s hot room) and tile (bath halls). The double hung wood–frame windows have twelve lights over one light. A concrete ramp edged with wrought iron railings provides a central entrance to the structure.</p><br>
<p>A cooling tank and steel frame to support it were added to the rear of the building in 1920. The building was damaged by a flood in 1923 but the extent of repairs is not known. Some remodeling was completed on the interior in the 1930s, but again the extent of those changes is unknown. In 1957 the massage room was extended, wall radiators were installed, floors were re-tiled and modern lighting fixtures were added. Many of the original furnishings were also replaced at that time. Other changes to the building include the installation of whirlpool equipment in 1962 and air conditioning in 1971. The Superior closed in 1983 and the furnishings were sold at auction.</p><br>
<p>The Superior currently serves as a brewery and restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Administration building</h2><br>
<p>Finishing the southern corner of the row is the Administration building which was formerly the National Park Service Visitor Center. Constructed in 1936, this Spanish Colonial Revival building was designed by architects of the Eastern Division, Branch of Plans and Design from the National Park Service. The well-detailed building has a simplified Spanish Baroque doorway framed by pilasters topped with frieze, cornice and finials flanking a second story window. The window has rusticated moldings at its sides and is in turn capped with a broken arched pediment. Windows on the first floor are screened by wrought iron grilles. On the second story there are five–light French doors that open on to wrought iron balconies. The hip roof is covered with clay tile. The air-conditioning system was replaced in 1960. The first floor was remodelled in 1966 to accommodate a lobby and an audio-visual room. Steps up to the front door were enlarged in 1965 and the hand railing may have been put in at that time. The building remains in use as the administrative core of the park.</p><br>
<h2>Other features</h2><br>
<p>Other outdoor features are within the historic district boundaries. The Grand Promenade runs in a north–south direction on the hillside behind the bathhouses, between Reserve Avenue and Fountain Street. Construction on the promenade began in the 1930s and by the beginning of World War II the promenade was a graded pathway covered with gravel. After many false starts due to planning and funding problems the promenade was finally completed in the early 1960s. The paving brick was replaced in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Fountains for public use have been located in the vicinity since the area was developed and several remain today. The fountain directly in front of the stairway into the administration building is of cast concrete and was built in 1936. A new jug fountain on the sidewalk in front of the administration building was installed in 1966. The Noble fountain at the Reserve Avenue end of the Promenade moved to this location in 1957. The Maurice Spring fountain and retaining wall just north of the Maurice Bathhouse was completed in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The original main entrance to the reservation was between the Maurice and Fordyce bathhouses directly below the Stevens Balustrade, at about the center of Bathhouse Row. The two bronze federal eagles on their stone pillars still stand guard over the old entrance, forming a gateway to the concrete path that leads between the two bathhouses up to the baroque double staircase of the balustrade. Below the eagles are the names of Secretaries of the Interior Hoke Smith (1893–96) and John Noble (1889–93) and "USA Hot Springs Reservation."</p><br>
<p>The balustrade itself is of limestone ashlar masonry and concrete construction. The central bay houses a vaulted hemicycle niche containing a drinking fountain. The upper portion of the balustrade leads to the Promenade. A bandstand was located along the top of the balustrade on the Promenade, but it was removed because of its deteriorated condition in 1958. By the early 1970s curbs and paving at the old main entrance constructed in the 1890s had been changed and Holly trees were planted to border the entryway. The areas around the bases of the stone pillars, originally paved, were grass-covered by that time.</p><br>
<p>Several other entrances were located at various points along the linear development of Bathhouse Row during the 1890s but have disappeared over the years as a result of newer construction. None were as elaborate as the Main Entrance which still gives a sense of "high style" to Bathhouse Row. Army engineer Stevens was also responsible for establishing the Magnolia Promenade in front of the bathhouses. The Promenade had double rows of magnolias during the 1890s but now a single row separates the sidewalk and the street. The varied architectural styles of the Bathhouses are pulled together by the linear greenbelts of the Magnolia Promenade and the Grand Promenade and by the smaller hedges and bushes that soften the edges of the spaces between the buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archeological evidence has proven that the hot springs which later supplied the water for Bathhouse Row were used prehistorically for thousands of years. In local Indian mythology the valley of the hot springs was considered neutral ground, a healing place and the sacred territory of the Great Spirit. Close to the springs is a novaculite quarry that was used as a source for material for tools, weapons and household goods. Hernando de Soto may have visited the hot springs in 1541 in his quest for gold, silver and jewels. By 1807 the first permanent white settler was living in the area and shortly after a number of log cabins had been built in the vicinity.</p><br>
<h3>Emergence of formal bathing and health benefits</h3><br>
<p>The first bathhouses were log and wood-frame structures built from 1830 through the 1850s and were used well into the late 19th century. By the mid-19th century the bathing industry in the United States, following elegant European precedents, was establishing more complex bathing rituals. This was influenced by the mid-19th-century promotion of the field of hydrotherapy as a popular medical tool. Newer bathhouses gradually showed influences of Spanish Renaissance architecture.</p><br>
<h3>Government involvement alongside private development</h3><br>
<p>Although the area had been set aside as the first federal reservation in 1832 government acquisition of the lands did not take place until 1879. By that time private development had established its own north–south linear building pattern along the creek and hot springs.</p><br>
<p>The bathhouses were constructed along the east edge of Hot Springs Creek which was covered over and channeled into a masonry arch in 1884. This eliminated the separate bridges to each bathhouse and also improved sanitation in the area. The space above the arch was filled with dirt and planted, so that each bathhouse now had its own garden space.</p><br>
<p>From 1892 until 1900 the Department of the Interior undertook a massive beautification project to improve the character of the "National Health Resort". The main landscape thrust of the program was to provide formal gardens in front of the bathhouses and more "natural" landscaped areas behind. The range of landscaping would provide areas for restful walks with enough connection to nature and the outdoors to ensure a healthy atmosphere for recuperation. Frederick Law Olmsted&#39;s landscape architectural firm was hired to produce plans for the area but those plans were rejected or left unfinished for a variety of reasons. The project development was given to an Army engineer, Lieutenant Robert Stevens. Stevens designed the entrances to the reservation including the historic main entrance. He also conceived of the Magnolia Promenade in front of the bathhouses, the meandering upper terrace behind the bathhouses, a series of pathways, carriage roads and vest-pocket parks.</p><br>
<p>Massage services were added in the bathhouses in the late 1890s and later chiropodists.</p><br>
<h3>The Jim Crow period</h3><br>
<p>When Civil War Reconstruction ended in 1877 Jim Crow laws were created which required racial separation of facilities. As this did not formally require separation of workers, African–American workers found that although they could work in the bathhouses, they could not use them for bathing. Although the federal government regulated the bathhouses, local tradition prevailed until segregation ended in the 1960s. During this period African–Americans primarily bathed at bathhouses operated by African–Americans. In the 1880s black patrons could buy bath tickets at the Ozark Bathhouse, the Independent Bathhouse and possibly the Rammelsberg Bathhouse, but they were not allowed to bathe during the hours considered optimum by prescribing physicians, particularly from 10 A.M. to 12 noon. This briefly changed in 1890 when the Independent was purchased by A.C. Page, who operated it as an exclusively black bathhouse for less than a year. William G. Maurice then purchased it, remodeled it and reopened it as the Maurice Bathhouse, an older building than the current Maurice, serving white patrons only. An assortment of buildings and services provided bathing for African–Americans during the period, and until the 1980s most bath attendants were African–Americans.</p><br>
<p>Away from Bathhouse Row</p><br>
<p>Facilities were built to serve the Black community — but not along Bathhouse Row until the Crystal Bathhouse opened in 1904. It was located at 415 Malvern Avenue at the edge of the African–American business district. The Crystal burned in the 1913 fire. The Knights of Pythias raised the Pythian on the site of the Crystal Bathhouse in 1914. The Pythian operated successfully until desegregation in 1965 when it began operating part-time until the building finally closed in 1974. The Woodmen of the Union Building opened in 1922. This building included a first-class hotel 2000-seat theater and auditoriam for meetings of up to 600, a gymnasium, a print shop, a beauty parlor and a news–stand. After 1922 black people had two facilities available when the African American National Baptist Convention bought the Woodmen of the Union Building in 1948. In addition to the services offered by the Woodmen, the facility hosted the annual National Baptist Association Convention until the early 1980s. It closed in 1983.</p><br>
<h3>The 20th century</h3><br>
<p>By 1900, the Hot Springs Reservation landscape had both the informal Victorian landscape design and the more formal post-1880s design. A series of bathhouses had been constructed and, through the early decades of the 20th century, the parade of buildings continued. At first, wooden bathhouses were constructed and then replaced after fires or deterioration made them unsafe. Architects began choosing materials less prone to deterioration and fire. The most notable of the period&#39;s fires caused destruction of 60 blocks south of the row in 1916 with Central Avenue almost lost as well. The changes to the bathhouses over time reflected changes in the bathing industry, changes in technology, and changes in social mores. By the start of the 20th century, Hot Springs became an attraction for fashionable people all over the world to visit and partake of the baths, while maintaining its reputation as a healing place for the sickly.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, park superintendent Martin Eisele thought no new bathhouses were needed and the buildings date from that period. It had also been noted that wood buildings rotted due to the high humidity and the structures of this generation of buildings featured concrete, steel and brick.</p><br>
<p>A few other key points in the history of Bathhouse Row affected the natural and architectural landscape resulting in what remains today. In 1916, Stephen Mather, director of the National Park Service, brought landscape architect Jens Jensen down from Chicago to enhance Bathhouse Row. Under his direction lights were placed along the street promenade and various flower gardens were cultivated in front of the bathhouses. George Mann and Eugene John Stern of Little Rock were hired in 1917 to do a comprehensive plan of Bathhouse Row to guide its future development. In their view a Spanish and Mediterranean Revival architectural theme was appropriate for the "Great American Spa". The intervention of World War I stopped their grand plans although their designs and review of other bathhouse plans had a strong influence on the architectural character of Bathhouse Row. In the 1930s the design of a new hot water system for the bathhouses resulted in changes to curbs, plantings and gutters along the Magnolia Promenade. Although the creek adjoins the bathhouses the bathing and drinking water is piped from several springs and wells. The more formally aligned Grand Promenade at the rear of the bathhouses, begun in the 1930s and completed in the 1960s, replaced the meandering Victorian path and changed the architectural character of area.</p><br>
<p>The Maurice and Fordyce bathhouses were strategically located at the north and south sides of the historic entrance to the reservation. Both of these buildings provided bathing experiences for the wealthy. The elegant interiors and quality of service attracted an upper class clientele. The placement of the two most architecturally significant structures at the main entrance set the refined architectural character of Bathhouse Row. Both were luxurious in design and were equipped with sophisticated bathing facilities. The Maurice and Fordyce also offered additional attractions: The Fordyce catered to more than the client&#39;s physical needs by providing diversions such as a museum displaying prehistoric artifacts, roof gardens, a bowling alley and a gymnasium. The Maurice had its Roycroft Den, or Dutch Den, that served as a gathering place for well-to-do clients. In 1920 the Fordyce and Buckstaff added musicians playing light classical music and popular tunes.</p><br>
<h3>Changes in late 20th century</h3><br>
<p>Facilities in the bathhouses included licensing for the number of tubs along with spraying facilities such as water jets and needle showers. A doctor&#39;s prescription was required for some medical services which were provided. Although baths could be taken without the advice of a physician this practice was not recommended. It was advised that baths only be taken for diseases which they could improve along with the proper drugs for the condition. Services included mercury rubs (used since the 16th century for treating syphilis), enemas and massages. The first whirlpool bath was installed in 1937. Mercury treatments began to be replaced by the drug Salvarsan after its invention in 1908 and the clinic above the Government Free Bathhouse began furnishing Salvarsan treatments in 1920. These were finally rendered obsolete by the discovery of penicillin and its widespread manufacture after World War II allowed syphilis to be effectively and reliably cured.</p><br>
<p>After World War II the bathing industry had large crowds of visitors. In 1946 people took 649,270 hot tub baths establishing a new record. Modern antibiotics developed during the war diminished the use of the thermal waters for medical purposes. Changes in American society prevented many people from taking the long, leisurely vacations that characterized the 19th-century spa life and the automobile allowed Americans to visit more places in a single vacation. During the post-war years visitation to the park increased but visitation to the bathhouses decreased after 1946.</p><br>
<p>By the 1960s society&#39;s needs had changed. The bathhouses became anachronisms as post-Victorian buildings which housed post-Victorian functions. Americans began participating more in various recreational activities and moved away from the social promenading of the spas. Spas that survived this period emphasized a total program of diet, exercise and bathing. Exercise and diet were not adequately addressed by the bathhouse operators in Hot Springs. Bathing practices in Hot Springs became identified with an older generation and few young people took the full course of 21 baths. By 1979 only 96,000 baths were given on Bathhouse Row.</p><br>
<p>The economics of this labor-intensive industry began to force the bathhouses to close down. The elegant Fordyce Bathhouse was the first to close in 1962 followed by the Maurice, the Ozark and the Hale in the 1970s. In 1984 the Quapaw, briefly reincarnated as Health Services, Inc., and the Superior closed. The Lamar closed in 1985 leaving the Buckstaff as the only bathhouse still operating on Bathhouse Row.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>The Buckstaff, Fordyce and Administration buildings are the three buildings presently open to the public. All of the buildings on Bathhouse Row have certain architectural elements in common that contribute to the district&#39;s unity:</p><br>
<p>All of the buildings are set back the same distance from the sidewalk, and have garden areas and green spaces in front.</p><br>
<p>They are all of similar height, scale, and proportions.</p><br>
<p>The sidewalk and remaining Magnolia Promenade (there is one row of magnolia trees rather than the original two) to the west and Grand Promenade to the east tie the buildings together.</p><br>
<p>What makes that unity successful in an architectural sense is the diversity that exists within it. The eclectic combination of styles and materials provides texture and visual interest amongst them. The free use of Greek, Roman, Spanish and Italian architectural idioms emphasize the high style sought after by the planners and create a strong sense of place.</p><br>
<p>What remains on Bathhouse Row are the architectural remnants of a bygone era when bathing was considered an elegant pastime for the rich and famous and a path to well-being for those with various ailments. Today only the Buckstaff provides baths and related services. Throughout the country 19th-century bathing rituals have been replaced by late-20th-century health spas that emphasize physical fitness and diet though some provide bathing as part of the regimen. The bath is no longer the central feature of rejuvenation provided by spas in the United States. Advances in medicine and the high costs of medical care have diminished the importance of bathing in physical therapy. The need for bathhouses on the scale of Bathhouse Row no longer exists.</p><br>
<p>Bathhouse Row is the largest collection of 20th-century bathhouses remaining in the United States from the industry&#39;s peak from the 1920s through the 1940s. Bathhouse Row is also one of the few collections of historic bathhouses remaining in the United States. As an entity Bathhouse Row represents an area unique to the National Park System as an area where the natural resources historically were harnessed and used rather than preserved in their natural state. On a regional level of significance the bathhouses also form the architectural core of downtown Hot Springs, Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>Pickup truck enthusiasts have enjoyed the vintage neighborhood during Saturday night cruising among the steaming manholes and free water fountains. Several nonprofit groups have helped with projects such as restoring the Fordyce and Maurice.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Historic Landmarks Program the status of Bathhouse Row was threatened as most of the historic bathhouses were vacant and are not being maintained. Some have had "damaging uses" contributing to the severe physical deterioration of the majority of the historic bathhouses. Bathhouse Row was added to the National Trust for Historic Preservation list of "11 Most Endangered Places" in 2003. It was removed in May 2007 because the National Park Service began to rehabilitate the buildings. Hot Springs National Park now rents the renovated structures to commercial enterprises who submit an approved request for qualifications. The restoration of Bathhouse Row and commercial leasing of public structures has become a model for similar projects across the country.</p><br>
<p>Fordyce Bathhouse was restored in 1989 as the parks visitor center and the beginning of restoring all properties on Bathhouse Row. The property was closed and renovated between 2012 and 2013, with the Lamar serving as the visitor center in the interim. The Lamar was renovated into offices for park staff and Bathhouse Row Emporium, the parks official store. Ozark Bathhouse was renovated and opened as the Museum of Contemporary Art of Hot Springs in 2009. The museum closed in November 2013, It reopened in 2014 as the Hot Springs National Park Cultural Center. Superior and Hale bathhouses went under contract in 2012 following renovation with Vapor Valley Spirits Inc. and Muses Creative Artistry Project, respectively. As of 2023, Superior Bathhouse Brewery and Distillery continues to operate The Hale is occupied by Hotel Hale and Eden Restaurant. Buckstaff Bathhouse has been in continuous operation since 1912, and thus is one of the best-preserved structures on Bathhouse Row. The Buckstaff Bathhouse Company has completed the majority of maintenance and renovation that has occurred without outside funding. The Quapaw was restored by the NPS in 2004, and the renovated structure was leased to Quapaw Baths, LLC, who now operates a modern spa with pools and hot tubs. As of 2023, the Maurice is available for rent from the NPS.</p><br>
<p>Springside was the estate of Matthew Vassar in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. It is located on Academy Street just off US 9. Detailed plans for a landscape, villa, and complex of farm buildings were drawn up by the influential Andrew Jackson Downing with assistance of Calvert Vaux prior to the formers death. The landscaping was completed and remains Downings most intact surviving landscape, but only a few of the buildings he planned were ever built; most have since been lost to fire and structural failure. A cottage where Vassar resided was dismantled and removed in the mid-1970s. Its facade is on display in the New York State Museum.</p><br>
<p>Downing&#39;s landscape, in the English landscape gardening tradition, has survived several serious efforts to redevelop the property in the last half-century due to opposition from local preservationists. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Matthew Vassar Estate, but the estate was not permanently protected for almost two decades, when a lawsuit was settled with the transfer of the land to its current owners, Springside Landscape Restoration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Springsides development took up much of the last two years of Downings life, and the latter years of Vassar&#39;s. The unfinished estate was maintained and developed by several other families for a century afterward. Their descendants were more amenable to selling the land for development in the years afterward, which led in turn to the efforts to protect and restore it.</p><br>
<h3>Planning and development under Vassar</h3><br>
<p>The Springside property was the "Allen farm", first a family farm, then an ornamental farm of roughly 45 acres (18 ha), twice its current size. It takes its name from a spring on the property. It was considered as a site for a cemetery by the then-village of Poughkeepsie in 1848. He had planned to develop the property as a private summer estate himself if the cemetery plan failed, and so he contracted Downing, who lived downriver in Newburgh, to begin planning the landscape for the property.</p><br>
<p>By 1851, Downing, in collaboration with his associate Calvert Vaux and Vassar, had detailed landscape plans ready. The next year, the city of Poughkeepsie chose another site for the cemetery, ending that possibility. Downings death in a steamboat boiler explosion the following year did not halt development, as Vassar and Vaux continued along the lines Downing had established. At least two of Downings planned structures, a barn and a gardeners cottage, were built, The villa they designed to be the main house of the estate, a semi-Jacobethan work, was abandoned (although artists renderings survive), since Vassar preferred the cottage as a residence.</p><br>
<p>As Springside continued to grow and develop, Vassar regularly opened the lands to the public until he retired to it full-time in 1867, the year before his death. It became a popular place to visit and inspired poetry and songs. One visitor, Russell Comstock, wrote:</p><br>
<h3>After Vassar</h3><br>
<p>After Vassars death, the lands were divided among several other local families, who continued to work the landscape. Judge Homer Nelson, New Yorks Secretary of State, bought the southern half of the property and renamed it Hudson Knolls. He lived elsewhere while a boardinghouse operated on the site. The northern half was purchased by local shoe manufacturer John Whitehouse, who merged it with his own adjoining property to the west of the site, retaining the Springside name. It passed to his son-in-law Eugene Howell upon his death, who kept up the landscape, at one point using it as a golf course, despite the failure of the shoe factory in 1891.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, the property was reunified under the ownership of William Nelson Jr. (1829 - 1905), who had previously purchased the southern half when Judge Nelson (to whom he was not related) died in 1881, bought Howells half following the shoe heirs bankruptcy. Nelson, who for the latter half of the 1800s, ran the Red Ball Line shipping company founded by his father, William Nelson Sr. in the 1820s, lived in the former boardinghouse with his family. He bequeathed it to his wife Marie Christiana Nelson (1860 - 1932), and she in turn passed it on to their children, Gerald, Geraldine, and Gertrude.</p><br>
<p>The two daughters and son kept the property in the family after Marie Christiana passed on, with the daughters, Geraldine and Gertrude, living out most of their lives there. Gertrude Nelson Fitzpatrick and her husband lived in the cottage, while her sister Geraldine Acker and her husband Earnest R. Acker built a house for themselves in 1929 on the site where Downing had intended for Springside&#39;s main house, calling the new house "Spring Gables".</p><br>
<h3>Late 20th-century preservation</h3><br>
<p>The combination of private ownership and benign neglect had preserved much of Downing and Vassar&#39;s original design for a century. This situation would change as Poughkeepsie experienced rapid growth in the years after World War II.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 development pressure began when the Poughkeepsie City School District considered Springside as a site for a new high school. and the other buildings suffered from continued decay and neglect. He pledged to protect the gatehouse and cottage, but the landscaping would have substantially altered Downing&#39;s original design.</p><br>
<p>The cottage facade was removed to an Albany warehouse by state order to preserve it in 1976; a quarter-century later it was put on display at the State Museum. Only the foundation clearing remains at the site. In 1982, a nearby condominium complex proposed nearby, and approved by the city, would have cleared most of Downing&#39;s remaining landscape. A lawsuit two years later alleging an insufficient environmental impact statement was settled in 1986 with the development of the farm portion of the property, close to Route 9 and the river, while the remaining landscape donated to a newly established non-profit organization, Springside Landscape Preservation, which continues to maintain the property.</p><br>
<p>Today, only the Carpenter Gothic gatehouse, a building not found on the original plans, survives. It has been restored to its original colors and is still used as a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>Downing had become a bestselling writer by expounding on his theories of combining that which was beautiful in nature and art. he had transplanted from nearby forests. On the ground, the curving pathways follow the contours of the land beneath them and lead to scenic views, sometimes created by planting evergreens around rock outcrops</p><br>
<p>Statuary embellishments unite the buildings and grounds, and Downing took advantage of the propertys natural drainage to create streams and fountains. Above the spring that gave the property its name, later itself named Willow Spring by Vassar, he placed a statue of a dog, since replaced by one of a young maiden. Ponds, too, were created, their irregular, natural shapes accentuated by similarly shaped islands. Many of these features that Downing pioneered were later replicated by Vaux and his fellow associate of Downings, Frederick Law Olmsted, in their designs for Central Park and other major parks in American cities.</p><br>
<p>Today, with most of the buildings no longer extant on the site, the landscape still largely reflects Downing&#39;s original plan. Some secondary vegetation has grown in, but the pathways have been restored and many of the original trees remain.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Santa Ana Historic Districts are listed with the National Trust for Historic Preservation and consist of numerous historic buildings across the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The City of Santa Ana was established in 1869 by William Spurgeon on 74.27 acre of land purchased from the old Spanish land grant, Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. The County of Orange was formed in 1889 by William Spurgeon and James McFadden.</p><br>
<p>Santa Ana was chosen as the county seat of government because of its larger growth as a town compared to surrounding towns such as Orange. The Old Orange County Courthouse was built in 1901. The surrounding old town buildings make up the Santa Ana Historical Downtown.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>City studies and merchant associations generally define Downtown as the area between Ross Street on the west, Minter Street on the east, First Street on the south and Civic Center Drive on the north.</p><br>
<p>Neighborhood organizations define Downtown more narrowly, extending only as far east as Main Street, with the area east of Main part of the Lacy neighborhood; the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center train and bus station is located at the east end of Lacy along Santiago Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Sub-districts</h2><br>
<p>Downtown consists of several sub-districts: an institutional area including the Civic Center, the Artists Village, Calle Cuatro and the East End.</p><br>
<h3>Civic Center</h3><br>
<p>The Santa Ana Civic Center, also known as the Orange County Civic Center, anchors the west side of Downtown and is home to city, county and federal buildings, including:</p><br>
<p>City:</p><br>
<p>Santa Ana City Hall (Civic Center Plaza)</p><br>
<p>Santa Ana Civic Center Plaza (Ross, Civic Center, Santa Ana Blvd, Flower)</p><br>
<p>Santa Ana Public Library (Civic Center Dr. & Ross)</p><br>
<p>County:</p><br>
<p>Santa Ana Transit Terminal – Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) (Santa Ana Blvd & Ross)</p><br>
<p>Old Orange County Courthouse (Civic Center, Broadway, Sycamore, Santa Ana Blvd.)</p><br>
<p>Orange County Courthouse (Civic Center Plaza)</p><br>
<p>Orange County Public Law Library (Civic Center Plaza)</p><br>
<p>Federal:</p><br>
<p>Ronald Reagan Federal Building and United States Courthouse (4th & Broadway)</p><br>
<p>Fourth District Court of Appeals (Civic Center Plaza on the corner of Santa Ana Blvd & Ross)</p><br>
<p>Office of the District Attorney (Near the corner of Ross & Civic Center)</p><br>
<p>Consulate of Mexico (Near Civic Center & Broadway intersection)</p><br>
<h3>Fourth Street/Calle Cuatro</h3><br>
<p>Hospitality, entertainment and retail in Santa Anas historic Downtown are centered along historic Fourth Street, also known locally by its equivalent name in Spanish, Calle Cuatro. Fourth Street stretches from the Civic Center in the west. The West End, located between Ross Street, Broadway, and West 4th Street, across from the Ronald Reagan Building, has lounge cafés, restaurants, bars, concert theaters and other retail. The middle section of Calle Cuatro (roughly from Main east to Spurgeon) has retailers in the backgroundThe Rankin Building, 117W Fourth Street at Sycamore, is a historic building that was usually seen as a reminder of when the Downtown Santa Ana was a shopping center, with department stores such as Rankins, Montgomery Ward (northeast corner of Main, demolished), J. C. Penney (northwest corner of Bush) and Buffums. Eventually, the area lost business to the new malls at Honer Plaza and Santa Ana Fashion Square when they opened in 1958, and later on, to South Coast Plaza.</p><br>
<p>The East End is a cultural hub, with restaurants and the refurbished Yost Theater. The Frida Cinema is a two-screen theater converted to an art-house theater showcasing films. In February 2015, the Fourth Street Market opened an indoor food hall along the lines of Grand Central Market in Downtown Los Angeles. Even further east, the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center is located along Santiago Avenue in the Lacy neighborhood.</p><br>
<h3>Artists Village</h3><br>
<p>The Artists Village is an area composed of art galleries, studios, creative offices, design workshops, and several restaurants. It is located on Second Street at Broadway, in the center of Historic Downtown Santa Ana. The village extends from First Street to Fourth Street, Bush Street to Birch, and surrounding the Second Street Mall between Broadway and Sycamore Street.</p><br>
<p>It was originally proposed in the mid-1980s. In collaboration between the Santa Ana City Council, community activist Don Cribb and Cal State Fullerton’s Gallery Director Mike McGee, a plan for the Grand Central Art Center was conceived in 1994. A designated ten-square block would become the Artists Village. In the early 2000s, several developments came to the downtown including Main Street Studio Lofts, East Village, and Artists Village lofts. The Artists Village has restaurants, shops and art institutions, including Cal State Fullerton Grand Central Art Center and the Orange County Center for Contemporary Art.</p><br>
<h3>Historic districts</h3><br>
<p>Located across several of the aforementioned sub-districts, the Downtown Santa Ana Historic Districts are several historic districts listed as one entry in the National Register of Historic Places since 1984, covering 24.5 acre and characterized by a number of Art Deco buildings as well as two old movie houses (The West End and the Fox West Coast). The countys first courthouse, now a museum, is located at Civic Center and Broadway streets, as is the Howe-Waffle House and Medical Museum, now the Santa Ana Historical Preservation Society.The countys first theater, Walkers Theater, was built in 1909 on Main and Second streets adjacent to the old City Hall. The Main Street Studio Lofts is located on where the countys first movie house was used to be. Old Santa Ana was designated a California Historic Landmark (No. 204) on June 20, 1935.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The village has several weekly, monthly, and annual events. Some of these events include:</p><br>
<p>1st Saturday Downtown Art Walk</p><br>
<p>Noche de Altares, largest free day of the dead celebration in California (the first Saturday of November)</p><br>
<p>Fiesta Patrias (September)</p><br>
<p>Savor Santa Ana</p><br>
<p>OC Pride Festival</p><br>
<p>Viva la Vida</p><br>
<p>Patchwork Craft Fair</p><br>
<p>Golden Years Vintage Market</p><br>
<p>Boca de Oro Arts & Literature Festival</p><br>
<p>Sound Downtown</p><br>
<p>The Blading Cup (every November)</p><br>
<h2>National historic district</h2><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places states that the Santa Ana Historical Downtown District is roughly bounded by Civic Center Drive, 1st Street, Ross and Spurgeon. The historic district nomination form has a list of contributing properties and detailed maps of the area. The district consists of two sections with a total of 99 buildings that remain from the commercial code of Santa Ana. The buildings date from the late 1870s to the post earthquake reconstructions of 1934. The district is divided into two parts, north and south, due to a break in the historic integrity.</p><br>
<h3>Historic Landmark</h3><br>
<p>Historic Landmark at the site reads:</p><br>
<p>Durhams Chapel School, also known as Durhams Chapel Rosenwald School, is a former school for African-American children located in Gallatin, Tennessee, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The school was built in 1923 as a Rosenwald school, one of seven such schools eventually built in Sumner County.</p><br>
<p>The building design was a standard Rosenwald Fund plan for a two-teacher school with an industrial room. It is a one-story building on a limestone block foundation with weatherboard siding and a shingled cross-gable roof. It has decorative details inspired by Craftsman architecture, including wide-overhanging eaves and exposed rafter tails.</p><br>
<p>The school interior includes two classrooms separated by moveable partitions that could be opened to create a larger space for school presentations and community events. An industrial room projects from the center of the building. The industrial room was used for home economics instruction. Heat for the building was provided by a single wood-burning stove. Most of the original elements of the building were extant as of 2006, including cabinets, doors, moldings, hardware, chalkboards, the wood-burning stove, and a wooden stage at the southwestern end of the building. The kitchen sink, refrigerator, and cooking stove in the industrial room were installed in 1955 after the Brown v. Board of Education decision led Sumner County officials to allocate some funds to improve facilities in the county&#39;s segregated African-American schools.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Durhams Chapel community was formed by former African-American slaves in the early years after the Civil War. Durhams Chapel Baptist Church was founded in 1866 by the Reverend Peter Vertrees, a mulatto who helped establish numerous African-American churches and schools in Middle Tennessee. Land for the church and school were donated by a local man named Rodney Durham. The Durham&#39;s Chapel church building, located adjacent to the school, was completed in 1870 and is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The Rosenwald school was the third black school to be established in the Durham&#39;s Chapel community. The earliest one-room school was destroyed by fire. The second school, known as "The Little Red School House", was built before 1900 at a site east of the church building; it was used until the Rosenwald school was completed.</p><br>
<p>Throughout its history, the school was closely associated with Durhams Chapel Church, while also receiving government support. White people in Sumner County supported the schools home economics training program for girls in order to qualify them for employment as domestic servants.</p><br>
<p>The school closed in 1962, but the building still stands and is currently used by the church for meetings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. By that time, only three of the seven Rosenwald schools in Sumner County (including Cairo Rosenwald School and Durham&#39;s Chapel School) were still standing. A restoration project was completed in 2012 at a cost of $40,000.</p><br>
<p>The Elwood Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Elwood, Madison County, Indiana. The district encompasses 51 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the central business district of Elwood. It developed between about 1887 and 1952, and includes notable examples of Late Victorian, Romanesque Revival, Neoclassical, and Art Deco style architecture. Notable buildings include the Calloway Block , Dehority Block , St. Joseph Catholic Church , United Methodist Church , USA Post Office , Carnegie Library , former Elwood City Hall , the Leeson&#39;s Building , and the Opera House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Claflin School is a historic former school building at 110–112 Washington Park, Newtonville, Massachusetts. It is a -story brick building, with a tall hip roof, projecting side-gabled wings, and a tall central gable section. The main facade is symmetrically arranged, with brick quoining around windows and corners, and entrances set in round-arch openings. Named for William Claflin, it was built in 1891, and is a well-preserved example of Richardsonian Romanesque design. Its architect was Merrill J. Brown.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 16, 1984, and included in the Newtonville Historic District in 1986.</p><br>
<p>A new elementary school was named for William Claflin in 1953 but closed in the 1980s. The Lowell Avenue building became artist studios and a small park.</p><br>
<p>The Durant-Kenrick House and Grounds is a historic late First Period house at 286 Waverly Avenue in Newton Centre, Massachusetts, that is now a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1732, Edward Durant II purchased 91 acres of land in Newton, Massachusetts and built a country house which was completed in 1734. In 1740, Edward Durant II died, leaving the property for his son, Edward Durant III, to inherit. Edward Durant III was a prominent member of the local community and played a key role in Newton during the events leading up to the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>In 1790, John Kenrick Esq. purchased the property, adding to his significant landholdings in Newton. Upon his father&#39;s death, John A. Kenrick inherited the former Durant property in 1833. Along with his brother, William, John A. Kenrick started the Kenrick Nursery, one of the largest plant nurseries in New England at the time. The Kenrick Nursery encompassed much of the surrounding area, including Farlow Hill and the land that is now the Newton Commonwealth Golf Course. From the 1840s up until 1900, the Kenricks were involved with many land transactions, sometimes acquiring new property but increasingly selling off their large estate.</p><br>
<p>Around 1900, Austin Holden purchased the remaining.6 acres of land and began to restore the house. In 1912, F. Clarke Durant, a descendant of the original builders, purchased the land. Eleven years later, Arthur Stone Dewing, also a Durant descendant, purchased the land and house in 1923. Dewing was a businessman and a Harvard professor with a passion for historic preservation. Arthur, his wife Frances, and their three daughters would spend their summers at the Durant-Kenrick property while maintaining a permanent residence in nearby Cambridge, Massachusetts during the rest of the year.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>In 1985, Arthur Dewing&#39;s children established the Durant Homestead Foundation and opened the house to the public. In 2011 Historic Newton/ The Newton Historical Society received the house and property and undertook an extensive restoration and reinterpretation of the property. Finally, in January 2014, Durant-Kenrick House and Grounds opened to the public, offering an interactive museum depicting the history of three families that lived and worked on this property for a period of three hundred years.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on June 13, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Jane Ross Reeves Octagon House was originally located between Wilkinson, Indiana and Willow Branch, Indiana. It was moved to its present location in 1997. It is currently located at 400 Railroad Street in Shirley, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>When Jane and Elijah first homesteaded their farm, they built a log cabin on the highest point of the land. This was later replaced by a frame house which was torn down at the time the Octagon house was built. When the log cabin was built, two trees were planted in front of the house- one on each side of the gate. These were called wedding trees and as they grew, the two became one as their branches met in the middle. The one tree represented the groom and the second represented the bride. Two new trees were planted at the current location.</p><br>
<p>The Octagon house was built in 1879. In 1876, three years after her husband&#39;s death, Jane Ross Reeves found the plans in a magazine. She liked it so much she decided she had to have one. This house was built at a cost of somewhere between $2300 and $2500. It was built by a contracting company in Fortville, Indiana. When the house was completed, it was paid for in full from silver dollars that she (Jane Ross Reeves) had saved in a shoe box.</p><br>
<p>The house is two stories of wood frame construction with a pyramidal roof. The house has little architectural ornamentation. The house has 16 rooms and every room has a closet. There are four large rooms and four small rooms on each floor. When the house was moved, it was placed over a full basement. The basement has 10 ceilings and is 45 wide in every direction. Their house had four chimneys. One chimney serviced 4 rooms- 2 up and 2 down. The chimneys were removed to reduce weight when being moved. Even after their removal, the house still weighed 90 tons! The chimneys were rebuilt from the floor of the attic up to their original height so the house looks the same from the outside. The chimney chases were rebuilt on the inside of the house, so it looks exactly as it was originally built. These chases now contain the utilities. (wiring, plumbing, etc.)</p><br>
<p>There are only five octagon houses left standing in the state of Indiana. The Reeves Octagon House is deemed to be the most important one as it has never been altered or changed with the exception of the porch; it now goes around the entire house.</p><br>
<p>The Jane Ross Reeves Octagon House Foundation&#39;s President, Darrell Deck is the source of the information above.</p><br>
<p>Rancho Los Encinos  was a Spanish grazing concession, and later Mexican land granted cattle and sheep rancho and travelers way-station on the El Camino Real in the San Fernando Valley, in present-day Encino, Los Angeles County, California. The original 19th-century adobe and limestone structures and natural Encino Springs are now within the Los Encinos State Historic Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The name of the rancho derives from the original designation of the Valley by the Portola expedition of 1769: El Valle de Santa Catalina de Bononia de los Encinos, with encino being the Spanish name for Oaks, after the many native deciduous Valley Oak (Quercus lobata) and evergreen Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) trees across the valleys savannah, which are still found on the parks property.</p><br>
<p>The naturally carbonated Encino Springs on the land were used by Tongva people of Suitcanga village. Portola camped here, and the springs were a necessary stop for travelers on El Camino Real, and the Ventura Road, which became Ventura Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>Francisco Reyes, alcalde, or mayor of Pueblo de Los Angeles from 1793–1795, established the original Rancho Encino in the northern San Fernando Valley. In or around 1797 Reyes ceded this land to the Roman Catholic Church to be the site of Mission San Fernando Rey de España, and relocated his Rancho Encino to one square Spanish league (4,460 acres) of land in the southern valley adjacent to El Camino Real and between the Los Angeles River and Santa Monica Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Reyes was accused of mistreating the Mission Indians who worked his rancho, and in 1845 Mexican Governor Pío Pico re-granted the property to three of the Tongva Native American workers, recorded as Ramon, Francisco, and Roque, who raised cattle and corn. Ramon, Francisco and Roque had worked the land beginning in about 1834, however, by the time the claim was recognized in 1845 "Francisco and Roque were dead. Their widows inherited the land and worked it for a few years with Ramon and his family until 1849 when Roman deserted them and his daughter Aguedo, and ran off to the gold fields." The surviving widows of the grantees sold out.</p><br>
<p>In 1849, Don Vicente de la Osa or de la Ossa, the original owner of the nearby Rancho Providencia, acquired the Tongva Indians&#39; interests in the property. His wife was Rita de Guillén de la Ossa, daughter of Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné of Rancho San Pascual. He built a 9-room adobe farmhouse in 1849–1850 that still stands near the spring. According to the Los Angeles Times, "A petition for Rancho el Encino was presented to the USA Board of Land Commissioners in 1852, in which Don Vincent de la Ossa claimed he had purchased one-third of the property in 1849. Unable to pay his taxes, Ramon sold the final portion in 1857 to de la Osa, who paid $9.33 for 312 acres." After de la Osa died, his widow sold it to L.A. County sheriff James Paul Thompson, who was also her future son-in-law.</p><br>
<p>With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Los Encinos was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to Vicente de la Osa et al Jan. 8, 1873, for 4,460.73 acres.</p><br>
<h3>Boom and bust</h3><br>
<p>The California Gold Rush of 1849 created a near-insatiable demand for beef, which was raised on the ranchos of southern California, including Rancho Los Encinos, and driven on the hoof to northern markets serving the gold fields. But the boom market in Southern California began to decline as early as 1855 as it became profitable to drive cattle and sheep to California from the midwest and Texas, and the drought of 1856 increased the pressure on the ranchos.</p><br>
<p>The De La Osa rancho was a popular stopping point for El Camino Real and Camino Nuevo travelers, who could expect hospitality at the ranch house. The Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach route between St. Louis, Missouri and San Francisco via Fort Yuma and Los Angeles passed through the rancho, making its first run in the fall of 1858. A new stagecoach route opened in 1861, diverging from the old El Camino Real at Rancho Los Encinos and heading for Santa Barbara via the Santa Susana Stage Road over Santa Susana Pass in the Simi Hills. The rancho was a stagecoach stop on it until the new railroad replaced Butterfield stages in 1875.</p><br>
<p>With the cattle market in collapse and besieged by mounting debts, in 1859 De la Osa converted his house into a roadside inn and began to charge patrons for his legendary Californio hospitality. Don Vicente De la Osa died in 1861, and his widow Rita sold the property to James Thompson in 1867, who raised sheep on the rancho for two years. Thompson in turn sold the property to two Basque brothers, Eugene and Phillipe Garnier, in 1869. Eugene Garnier built a two-story limestone farmhouse similar to the former family home in the French Basque Country, and a brick-lined pond collecting the spring&#39;s outflow and shaped like a Spanish guitar. The Garnier brothers also raised sheep on the property, and were known for the fine quality of their fleece, but they in turn became overextended and lost the property to foreclosure in 1878.</p><br>
<p>The property changed hands three times in the next twenty years, having been acquired by Simon Gless a Basque who was married to a French woman and four other native women; eventually, he sold the property to his Basque father-in-law, Domingo Amestoy, in 1889. The fields were used for wheat farming, as was most of the Valley after Isaac Newton Van Nuys introduced dryland farming there. The Amestoy family lived on the property until 1945, selling off 1,170 acre of land in 1916 that would become the community of Encino, and further subdividing the ranchlands thereafter.</p><br>
<p>In a story typical of the San Fernando Valley&#39;s rapid urbanization, the adobe was used as the sales office for the post-war subdivisions surrounding it—and was to be torn down and used as commercial property. Concerned neighbors led a fight to have the adobe, and the spring, to be purchased by the State of California.</p><br>
<p>The last remaining parcel, including the historic buildings and the spring, was acquired by the state of California in 1949.</p><br>
<h2>Los Encinos State Historic Park</h2><br>
<p>All of the historic buildings in the park were heavily damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The De la Osa adobe and the stone Garnier building have been repaired and restored, with the Garnier building now serving as a visitor center with historic photographs and exhibits of the rancho&#39;s past. The are also online. The 1902 river stones and mortar walled, double-roofed, food-cool storage buildings built for the Amestoys still show signs of the earthquake and are used for Park storage.</p><br>
<p>A major Tongva village or rancheria site, carbon-dated at over 3,000 years old, was discovered in 1984 directly across Ventura Boulevard during excavation for a new structure. Archeologists found two million artifacts, such as lithic stone tools, shel and stone beads, and arrowheads, and ancient burial remains. The park displays some of the pre-contact artifacts.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the State of California threatened to close the park, because the park makes no revenue to equalize the employees needed.</p><br>
<p>Through community effort and the Encino Neighborhood Council, an anonymous donor was found who volunteered $150,000 (pending as of</p><br>
<p>1/12) to keep the park open.</p><br>
<p>The park is located at 16756 Moorpark Street, Encino, California, 91436-1068, and is open to the public 10 AM to 5 PM, Wednesday through Sunday. There is a pedestrian entrance on Ventura Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>Map gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Riley Birthplace and Museum, one of two homes called the James Whitcomb Riley House on the National Register of Historic Places, is located at 250 West Main Street in Greenfield, Indiana, twenty miles  east of downtown Indianapolis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Riley Birthplace and Museum marks where noted Hoosier poet James Whitcomb Riley was born and lived during his boyhood. The house was built by the authors father Reuben Riley, a local attorney in 1850, and Greenfields first mayor. Riley was not actually born in the house, but a cabin on the site of the property (October 7, 1849). Reuben Riley saw that his cabin was not large enough for all five members of his family, so he worked on the house for three years, often cannibalized the cabin to make improvements on the house during its construction; the winding stairway to the second floor best typifies this cannibalization.</p><br>
<p>Although it was along the National Road, the residence was described as being near many woodland animals, but very few people. The front porch had two doors. The left led into the family parlor, while the right door led to Reuben Rileys law office. The influx of visitors to Reuben Rileys office gave James Whitcomb Riley a chance to learn how to entertain several people at a time with speeches and tales, as his father had. Visitors such as a ragged man and an orphan girl, Mary Alice Smith (Little Orphant Annie), inspired James Whitcomb Riley to write the poems he would later tell in his adulthood. Reuben had organized a militia of Greenfield residents during the American Civil War. However, his involvement with the War hurt his law career, forcing him to sell the house in 1870. In 1893 James Whitcomb Riley bought the house, but kept his residence in Indianapolis, at what is today James Whitcomb Riley Museum Home. Although James Whitcomb Riley never again lived in Greenfield house, his brother John and John&#39;s wife resided there; James would often visit them. It was on one of these visits in 1898 that James Whitcomb Riley called Greenfield "the best town outside of Heaven".</p><br>
<p>Before his death in 1916, Riley wrote over 1000 poems, including "Little Orphant Annie", "When the Frost is on the Punkin", and "The Bear Story". During his time, he was regarded as more important than Mark Twain.</p><br>
<p>The city of Greenfield bought the property in 1936, creating the Riley Old Home Society to run the property.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Riley home is now operated as a museum by the Riley Old Home Society and the City of Greenfield, through the Greenfield Parks and Recreation Department. The museum is open to visitors, several thousand a year, from April through November, usually closed for the winter. An adjacent home, the Mitchell House, was where James Whitcomb Rileys poem publisher John Mitchell lived. Mitchells former domicile is used as a museum, allowing for Riley&#39;s home to be kept as it would have looked like during his time of residence.</p><br>
<p>The garden behind the Riley house is frequently enjoyed by visitors during the seasons of spring and summer. Since 1991 this garden has been developed and maintained by the Greenfield Herb Society.</p><br>
<p>An annual festival celebrating James Whitcomb Riley&#39;s connection with Greenfield is celebrated in first Thursday through Sunday in October.</p><br>
<p>The Riley house is located along the old National Road, which is now USA Route 40.</p><br>
<p>The McKinley School, also known as North Side School, is a historic school building located at Seventeenth St. and Home Ave., in Columbus, Indiana. It was designed by architect Charles Franklin Sparrell and built in 1892. It is a - story, five-bay, Richardsonian Romanesque style red brick building with a limestone base and hipped roof. It measures 73 feet wide and 38 feet deep. An additional structure was erected in 1942, and measures approximately 127 feet wide and 38 feet deep.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Aitkin Carnegie Library is a Carnegie library in Aitkin, Minnesota, United States. It was designed by architects Claude & Starck and was built in the Classical Revival style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story buff-colored brick building upon an elevated basement and a concrete foundation. It has a central classical pedimented portico.</p><br>
<p>In 1981 it was deemed "significant both for its role in the intellectual and cultural development of Aitkin and as a well-preserved example of the Minnesota small-town library structures financed by Andrew Carnegie, noted turn-of-the-century steel magnate. Aitkin citizens organized a free public library in 1904. The library collection was temporarily housed in the village council chamber until the present structure&#39;s construction in 1911 with a $6,500 grant from the Carnegie Foundation. The library, unlike many Carnegie-funded libraries which have been demolished or altered as community library systems have expanded, retains its original design integrity while continuing to serve the community in its intended educational role. Architecturally, the library is a notable local example of public Neo-classical design."</p><br>
<p>In 1982 it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places and the building currently serves as the Jaques Art Center. In 1995 the building was purchased for $1 by area citizens wanting a home for the preservation and exhibition of the work of Aitkin County artist, Francis Lee Jaques. The building was renovated in 2004 adding an elevator, the Jaques Gallery, and a classroom. Tremendous care was taken during the renovation to preserve the historical integrity of the structure, however the maintenance of this structure is costly and the Jaques Art Center has been in search of funding for maintenance and repairs. The nonprofit Jaques Art Center is home to the largest collection of Francis Lee Jaques art outside of the Bell Museum and hosts new art exhibits approximately every 8 weeks. In keeping with the original Carnegie Library tradition, the gift shop also has an extensive book collection.</p><br>
<p>The Carlton County Courthouse in Carlton, Minnesota, United States, is the county seat of Carlton County, Minnesota. The county seat was originally located in Cloquet, with a jail located at the town of Northern Pacific Junction. In 1890, residents of Northern Pacific Junction raised funds to build a courthouse, which was a two-story brick building with a high-pitched gable roof. The current building took about two years to build, being completed in 1924. It is a three-story building with cream-colored brick and stone.</p><br>
<p>The Carlton County Vidette praised Clyde Kelly, the architect, with these words: "Unquestionably, the man who assumes the responsibility of being the architect for a building like this is entitled to great consideration. To him is left the superintending of the placing of every stock and stone in the building... to make the structure as perfect as possible."</p><br>
<p>The John Street United Methodist Church &ndash; also known as Old John Street Methodist Episcopal Church &ndash; located at 44 John Street between Nassau and William Streets in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City was built in 1841 in the Georgian style, with the design attributed to William Hurry and/or Philip Embury.</p><br>
<p>The Society built its first church, a blue stucco barn called the Wesley Chapel, on this site in 1768; its design was attributed to Barbara Heck. Timber from the Chapel was later used in building the Bowery Village Methodist Church and the Park Avenue United Methodist Church. The second church on this site was built in 1817-18, and the extravagance of the building provoked a secession from the congregation by Rev. William Stillwell. The third church, the current one, was necessitated by the widening of John Street.</p><br>
<p>The church was designated a New York City Landmark in 1965 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. In 1984, the church sold its air rights to 33 Maiden Lane.</p><br>
<p>Hymnist Fanny Crosby was a member of the church congregation for many years.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Below the sanctuary, the Wesley Chapel Museum displays many artifacts from eighteenth- and nineteenth-century American Methodist history. These include church record books, the Wesley Clock (a gift of John Wesley, 1769), love feast cups, class meeting circular benches, the original 1785 altar rail, the original 1767 pulpit made by Philip Embury, and Embury&#39;s signed Bible.</p><br>
<p>Ingleside Vineyards is a winery located in the Northern Neck George Washington Birthplace AVA, an American Viticultural Area located in the Northern Neck region of Virginia. Ingleside is one of the oldest and largest wineries in the state, established in 1980, and part of an estate of over 3,000 acre owned by the Flemer family since 1890.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The farmhouse, originally known as Washington Academy, was built in 1834, and is a two-story, five-bay, brick building with a pedimented hexastyle front portico. Flanking the two-story central block are one-story wings. The Washington Academy operated until about 1844, and the property sold in 1847.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The vineyard also owns two nearby Register-listed houses, Wirtland and Roxbury.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship with Mark Warner</h2><br>
<p>Former Virginia governor and current United States Senator Mark Warner grows 15 acre of grapes for Ingleside Vineyards at his farm in King George County. Ingleside bottles a private label which Warner offers at charity auctions.</p><br>
<h2>Wines</h2><br>
<p>Among the wines that Ingleside Vineyards produces are varietal and blended bottlings of Sangiovese, Petit Verdot, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Touriga Nacional.</p><br>
<p>The Knightstown Historic District is national historic district located at Knightstown, Henry County, Indiana. It is roughly bounded by Morgan, Adams, Third, and McCullum Streets and encompasses 536 contributing buildings. It developed between about the 1830s and 1936, and includes many excellent examples of Italianate, Greek Revival, and Gothic Revival styles of architecture. Notable sites of interest include the Knightstown Academy, Elias Hinshaw House, and the Knightstown Public Square. Other notable buildings include the Friends Church , Bethel Presbyterian Church , Christian Church , IOOF Building , Masonic Hall , Lehmanowsky House , Morgan Building , Old Town Hall , Knightstown Public Library , and USA Post Office .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Green–Meldrim House is a historic house at 14 West Macon Street, on the northwest corner of Madison Square, in Savannah, Georgia. Built in 1853, it was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1976 as one of the American Souths finest and most lavish examples of Gothic Revival architecture. The house is owned by the adjacent St. Johns Episcopal Church, which offers tours and uses it as a meeting and reception space.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Green–Meldrim House is located on the west side of Madison Square in central Savannah, at the southwest corner of West Harris and Bull Streets. West Macon Street, the houses address, is a spur street off Whitaker Street, which runs behind the property. The houses principal facade faces south, with a porch and garden facing the square. The house is among the best-known examples of the Gothic Revival style in the South, with a stuccoed brick exterior, cast-iron porch, oriel windows, and an imposing front cast-iron fence. The main entrance has an iron portico believed to be unique in the United States, with octagonal posts supported a pair of arches. A crenellated parapet rings the roof. The interior of the house, following a center-hall plan, retains original woodwork, plaster, and ironwork, the latter featuring a freestanding staircase.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed and built in 1853 at a cost of $93,000 by the architect John Norris. The property&#39;s first owner was Charles Green, a wealthy cotton merchant and grandfather of the writer Julien Green.</p><br>
<p>After the Union troops captured Savannah in 1864, Gen. Sherman occupied the house and used it as a headquarters until the end of the Civil War. It was in this house in December 1864 that Sherman composed his famous telegram to President Lincoln, in which he communicated his desire to present to the President "as a Christmas Gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, and also about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton&quot the cotton belonged to Charles Green, the owner of the House. On January 12, 1865 Sherman and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton met with 20 Black Baptist and Methodist ministers—including Garrison Frazier, Ulysses L. Houston, and William Gaines—in what would later be called the "Savannah Colloquy" at the house. Their discussion directly led to Sherman&#39;s Special Field Orders No. 15, which included the famous forty acres and a mule land allotment.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, local politician and judge Peter Meldrim purchased the property and lived in it a number of decades. In 1943, his heirs sold the house to St John&#39;s Church, which is located next door. In the 1950s, Savannah Landscape Architect Clermont Huger Lee provided period appropriate designs and planting plans for the garden. Tours of the house are given during the day, and the church uses it for wedding receptions and after-church events. At this time, none of the original furniture is on display at the house.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>The Owens–Thomas House & Slave Quarters  is a historic home in Savannah, Georgia, that is operated as a historic house museum by Telfair Museums. It is located at 124 Abercorn Street, on the northeast corner of Oglethorpe Square. The Owens–Thomas House was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, as one of the nation&#39;s finest examples of English Regency architecture.</p><br>
<p>Renovations in the 1990s uncovered and restored one of the oldest and best preserved urban slave quarters in the American South.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural style and house history</h2><br>
<p>This most important and architecturally significant house was begun in 1816 and completed in 1819. Designed by the English architect William Jay of Bath, the house plans were drawn while Jay was still in England. He sent architectural elevations to local workers before his arrival in Savannah sometime after foundations were laid. According to Jays letters, the house was to be aesthetically compatible to Bath. This is evident in the Bath stone of the houses construction as well as its sophisticated architectural detail. It was a gentrifying physical ornament to the newly successful Southern port. The Richardson House, as it was originally known—after its first owner and builder, Richard Richardson— is North America&#39;s preeminent example of period English Regency architecture.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was purchased in 1830 by local attorney and politician George Welshman Owens for $10,000 (~$ in ). The family maintained it for several decades until Owens granddaughter, Margaret Thomas, bequeathed the house to the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences (established in 1885) as the Souths oldest art museum, in 1951. The house is notable for its early cast iron side veranda with elaborate acanthus scroll supports on which the Marquis de Lafayette addressed the citizens of Savannah on his visit in 1825. William Jay was architect to other Savannah landmarks such as the Scarborough house, the Telfair House as mentioned above, and an attribution to the Gordon-Low House.</p><br>
<h2>Slave quarters</h2><br>
<p>A focus of tours of the site is the carriage house and the history of the enslaved workers who lived there, including the nanny, cook and butler. During a renovation of the carriage house in the 1990s, the owners of the site discovered one of the oldest and best preserved urban slave quarters in the American South. The history has been uncovered via their Slavery and Freedom Project, and via symposiums in 2008 and 2020 (planned).</p><br>
<p>The ceiling of the slave quarters is painted haint blue, which was customarily used in Gullah culture to deter ghosts or other malevolent spirits. It is notable as the largest swath of haint blue paint in North America.</p><br>
<p>The restoration includes the pantry and other elements of the Gullah cooking, and the cellar where meals and laundry were prepared.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Owens–Thomas House collection contains furnishings and decorative arts from the English Regency period; containing effects of the Owens family, most pieces dating from the years 1790 to 1840. Collections include English Georgian and American Federal period furniture, early Savannah textiles, silver, Chinese Export porcelain, and 18th- and 19th-century art. The slave quarters feature slave artifacts of the period.</p><br>
<p>The courtyard features a small parterre garden that was redesigned in 1954 by Savannah landscape architect Clermont Huger Lee. Lee designed the formal garden in 1820 English-American style and supervised maintenance of garden for fourteen years.</p><br>
<p>The Albert Einstein House at 112 Mercer Street in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, was the home of Albert Einstein from 1935 until his death in 1955. His second wife, Elsa Einstein, died in 1936 while living in this house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1838, as it originally stood on Alexander Street where Stuart Hall of the Princeton Theological Seminary was built in that year, also displacing the house now at 108 Mercer. The home is a simple pattern-book cottage and not in itself of unusual significance.</p><br>
<p>Albert Einstein reportedly requested that this house not be made a museum, and the family did not want it to be recognized as such. Nonetheless, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places and further designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The house was owned by Eric Maskin and his family until 2012. He was the Albert O. Hirschman Professor in the School of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton until 2011, and the 2007 Nobel Prize winner with two others. He is currently a professor of economics at Harvard University. Previously it was occupied by 2004 Nobel prize winner physicist Frank Wilczek when he was a professor in IAS between 1989 and 2001. Reportedly he requested the house from the IAS as his condition to move to Princeton, and he had been holding evening seminars in the house for graduate students. The house is now a private residence even though it is owned by IAS, and is not open to the public. There is no historical marker explaining the house&#39;s significance; however, there are strategically placed "Private Residence" signs around the house.</p><br>
<p>The house is 3,674 square feet, and includes only one bedroom and two baths. In 2012 it was purchased for $1,417,500 by the Institute for Advanced Study. It is on a half-acre parcel that extends 446 feet from the street.</p><br>
